http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Megan Katsumi
Ontology to capture concepts related to the LBCS Ontology.
November 29, 2016
iCity LBCS Ontology: copy created and published to facilitate reuse and availability of the LBCS ontology (Montenegro et. al., 2011).
icity-lbcs
http://ontology.eil.utoronto.ca/icity/LBCS/
1.0
See LBCS (Land Based Classification Standards) Ontology (Montenegro et. al., 2011)
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
An observable characteristic of land based on actual use.
Activity refers to the actual use of land based on its observable characteristics. It
describes what actually takes place in physical or observable terms (e.g., farming,
shopping, manufacturing, vehicular movement, etc.). An office activity, for example,
refers only to the physical activity on the premises, which could apply equally to a law
firm, a nonprofit institution, a court house, a corporate office, or any other office use.
Similarly, residential uses in single-family dwellings, multifamily structures,
manufactured houses, or any other type of building, would all be classified as residential
activity.
Activity
FF0000
008B8B
8B2323
8B2B00
22228B
8B667E
F5DCF5
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
The economic use or type of establishment using the land.
Function refers to the economic function or type of establishment using the land.
Every land-use can be characterized by the type of establishment it serves. Land-use
terms, such as agricultural, commercial, industrial, relate to establishments. The type of
economic function served by the land-use gets classified in this dimension; it is
independent of actual activity on the land. Establishments can have a variety of
activities on their premises, yet serve a single function. For example, two parcels are
said to be in the same functional category if they serve the same establishment, even if
one is an office building and the other is a factory.
Function
FF0000
00FF00
BEBEBE
9090EE
008B00
9090EE
A0F020
2F4F4F
558B00
22228B
F5DCF5
FFFFFF
FFFFFF
6B238E
FFFFFF
D3D3D3
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Legal and quasi-legal ownership constraints of the land.
Ownership refers to the relationship between the use and its land rights. Since the
function of most land uses is either public or private and not both, distinguising
ownership characteristics seems obvious. However, relying solely on the functional
character may obscure such uses as private parks, public theaters, private stadiums,
private prisons, and mixed public and private ownership. Moreover, easements and
similar legal devices also limit or constrain land-use activities and functions. This
dimension allows classifying such ownership characteristics more accurately.
Ownership
A0F020
FF00FF
FF00FF
FF00FF
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
The overall physical site development character of the land.
Site development character refers to the overall physical development character of the
land. It describes "what is on the land" in general physical terms. For most land uses, it
is simply expressed in terms of whether the site is developed or not. But not all sites
without observable development can be treated as undeveloped. Land uses, such as
parks and open spaces, which often have a complex mix of activities, functions, and
structures on them, need categories independent of other dimensions. This dimension
uses categories that describe the overall site development characteristics.
Site
9090EE
00FF00
FFCBC0
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Type of structure or building type on the land.
Structure refers to the type of structure or building on the land. Land-use terms
embody a structural or building characteristic, which indicates the utility of the space (in
a building) or land (when there is no building). Land-use terms, such as single-family
house, office building, warehouse, hospital building, or highway, also describe structural
characteristic. Although many activities and functions are closely associated with
Structure
BEBEBE
BEBEBE
FFFFFF
858585
22228B
9090EE
CD9EB7
00FF00
A0F020
0
64
22228B
FF0000
00FF00
BEBEBE
6255
858585
2130
00FF00
1130
FF00FF
7100
9090EE
4300
00FF00
9900
FFFFFF
9990
FFFFFF
2420
FF0000
6126
00FF00
2140
00FF00
5150
9090EE
5600
BEBEBE
4333
BEBEBE
7200
FFCBC0
4112
BEBEBE
4111
BEBEBE
4110
BEBEBE
4114
BEBEBE
4113
BEBEBE
5630
BEBEBE
5620
BEBEBE
3920
A0F020
9370
22228B
9150
22228B
5138
BEBEBE
6125
00FF00
4314
BEBEBE
6510
00FF00
3130
A0F020
5310
9090EE
2720
FF0000
8300
22228B
9300
22228B
8400
22228B
8800
22228B
9371
22228B
2150
00FF00
4430
00FF00
6221
858585
7500
FFCBC0
7300
FFCBC0
2621
FF0000
1230
FF00FF
1120
FF00FF
7150
9090EE
5200
BEBEBE
2280
FF0000
2110
FF0000
2540
FF0000
1310
FF00FF
6141
00FF00
1310
FF00FF
9311
22228B
5120
BEBEBE
6514
00FF00
7420
008B8B
7210
008B8B
6257
858585
5400
BEBEBE
5300
BEBEBE
3930
A0F020
6820
00FF00
6142
00FF00
2424
FF0000
6223
858585
4232
BEBEBE
2520
FF0000
2132
FF0000
7210
9090EE
3600
A0F020
2593
FF0000
2111
FF0000
2454
FF0000
2331
FF0000
1340
FF00FF
5330
9090EE
2560
FF0000
8230
22228B
9312
22228B
9310
22228B
6561
00FF00
6562
00FF00
4110
00FF00
8300
558B00
2425
FF0000
4220
00FF00
6130
00FF00
2000
FF0000
2321
FF0000
6500
858585
4200
BEBEBE
2520
FF0000
6563
00FF00
7120
22228B
4132
BEBEBE
8450
22228B
2131
FF0000
6143
00FF00
7320
008B8B
6225
858585
8310
22228B
1220
FF00FF
7000
008B8B
3300
A0F020
2415
FF0000
2335
FF0000
6124
00FF00
2152
FF0000
2591
FF0000
9112
22228B
4600
00FF00
6222
00FF00
2162
FF0000
9152
22228B
4160
BEBEBE
6221
00FF00
3700
A0F020
5220
BEBEBE
2220
FF0000
6720
00FF00
9230
22228B
9100
22228B
6240
858585
9320
22228B
8210
22228B
6220
858585
6700
00FF00
2240
FF0000
1110
FF00FF
6000
8B2323
5100
8B2B00
5000
8B2B00
7000
22228B
4000
8B667E
2000
F5DCF5
2160
00FF00
6111
858585
6112
858585
1320
FF00FF
4331
BEBEBE
3140
A0F020
6144
00FF00
9115
22228B
1121
FF00FF
2130
FF0000
3510
A0F020
2230
00FF00
2210
00FF00
2220
00FF00
2240
00FF00
2250
00FF00
6100
00FF00
1208
FF00FF
1218
FF00FF
1288
FF00FF
1285
FF00FF
1284
FF00FF
1289
FF00FF
1281
FF00FF
1287
FF00FF
1286
FF00FF
1283
FF00FF
1282
FF00FF
1280
FF00FF
4310
BEBEBE
6440
858585
7330
008B8B
2125
FF0000
6121
00FF00
1211
FF00FF
6564
00FF00
4530
00FF00
6430
00FF00
2423
FF0000
6600
858585
7120
9090EE
2260
00FF00
2170
00FF00
7220
008B8B
4410
00FF00
2451
FF0000
2422
FF0000
6512
00FF00
9210
22228B
4300
9090EE
1215
FF00FF
1258
FF00FF
1255
FF00FF
1254
FF00FF
1259
FF00FF
1251
FF00FF
1257
FF00FF
1256
FF00FF
1253
FF00FF
1252
FF00FF
1250
FF00FF
2200
FF0000
6145
00FF00
4210
00FF00
6410
00FF00
4510
00FF00
9510
22228B
1205
FF00FF
6146
00FF00
9143
22228B
2141
FF0000
3110
A0F020
9141
22228B
2570
FF0000
2500
FF0000
9420
22228B
9400
22228B
1248
FF00FF
1245
FF00FF
1244
FF00FF
1249
FF00FF
1241
FF00FF
1247
FF00FF
1246
FF00FF
1243
FF00FF
1242
FF00FF
1240
FF00FF
4312
BEBEBE
1204
FF00FF
1214
FF00FF
2154
FF0000
9130
22228B
2510
FF0000
9990
22228B
9999
22228B
4800
00FF00
6710
00FF00
9373
22228B
3230
A0F020
2121
FF0000
7220
9090EE
5320
9090EE
6120
858585
6420
858585
6421
858585
6422
858585
6400
858585
6410
858585
2116
FF0000
2270
FF0000
6400
2F4F4F
2000
FF0000
6450
858585
7340
008B8B
7160
9090EE
2110
FF0000
4210
00FF00
6120
00FF00
2100
F5DCF5
9110
22228B
8500
22228B
3950
A0F020
8600
22228B
9154
22228B
4341
BEBEBE
6340
858585
4342
BEBEBE
6500
00FF00
2160
FF0000
2127
FF0000
7400
008B8B
2120
FF0000
2620
FF0000
5640
BEBEBE
6341
858585
2720
FF0000
6445
858585
6446
858585
7410
008B8B
5140
BEBEBE
6930
858585
5130
BEBEBE
7220
22228B
5220
9090EE
9330
22228B
2122
FF0000
2592
FF0000
9372
22228B
6530
00FF00
4110
00FF00
1100
FF00FF
1200
FF00FF
7230
9090EE
4311
BEBEBE
8410
22228B
3200
A0F020
7450
008B8B
2600
FF0000
2614
FF0000
4240
BEBEBE
1300
FF00FF
4000
00FF00
2240
FF0000
2336
FF0000
2270
00FF00
2440
FF0000
4332
BEBEBE
6150
858585
4313
00FF00
2452
FF0000
3410
A0F020
7000
BEBEBE
7100
FFCBC0
6220
00FF00
8700
22228B
6910
858585
6810
00FF00
2615
FF0000
7120
008B8B
6320
858585
3220
A0F020
2453
FF0000
2760
FF0000
2112
FF0000
2123
FF0000
3140
A0F020
2411
FF0000
6210
00FF00
7000
9090EE
6230
858585
4242
BEBEBE
4300
00FF00
6313
858585
6311
858585
6314
858585
6312
858585
2610
FF0000
5530
BEBEBE
3000
008B00
5100
BEBEBE
8200
22228B
8200
22228B
4141
BEBEBE
4100
9090EE
7100
22228B
5137
BEBEBE
2611
FF0000
9410
22228B
8400
22228B
4142
BEBEBE
6344
858585
6441
858585
6442
858585
2126
FF0000
3350
A0F020
7200
008B8B
2144
FF0000
5135
BEBEBE
1150
FF00FF
3000
A0F020
5360
9090EE
4150
BEBEBE
4154
BEBEBE
4152
BEBEBE
4155
BEBEBE
4151
BEBEBE
4153
BEBEBE
2260
FF0000
7350
008B8B
6226
858585
6000
2F4F4F
6513
00FF00
4120
00FF00
6511
00FF00
4100
00FF00
6443
858585
6444
858585
8200
558B00
6122
00FF00
6310
00FF00
4700
00FF00
2612
FF0000
2710
FF0000
5340
9090EE
8000
558B00
8600
22228B
5134
BEBEBE
5136
BEBEBE
3400
A0F020
4131
BEBEBE
3910
A0F020
2550
FF0000
4222
BEBEBE
4220
BEBEBE
3120
A0F020
6222
858585
1200
FF00FF
5230
BEBEBE
5210
9090EE
5200
9090EE
7225
22228B
7226
22228B
7221
22228B
7222
22228B
7242
22228B
7224
22228B
7223
22228B
7211
22228B
7251
22228B
7232
22228B
7212
22228B
7243
22228B
7241
22228B
7252
22228B
5500
9090EE
7230
22228B
8000
22228B
7231
22228B
7460
FFCBC0
7400
FFCBC0
7410
FFCBC0
7480
FFCBC0
7470
FFCBC0
2280
00FF00
2510
FF0000
7110
22228B
4243
BEBEBE
1209
FF00FF
1219
FF00FF
1298
FF00FF
1295
FF00FF
1294
FF00FF
1299
FF00FF
1291
FF00FF
1297
FF00FF
1296
FF00FF
1293
FF00FF
1292
FF00FF
1290
FF00FF
1000
F5DCF5
9000
FFFFFF
9000
FFFFFF
4144
BEBEBE
3520
A0F020
3330
A0F020
8400
558B00
6100
6B238E
6400
6B238E
6000
6B238E
6200
6B238E
6300
6B238E
9100
FFFFFF
9910
22228B
9000
FFFFFF
8000
D3D3D3
9100
FFFFFF
4313
BEBEBE
6110
00FF00
9142
22228B
2300
FF0000
2320
FF0000
2310
FF0000
2421
FF0000
2400
FF0000
2110
FF0000
2100
FF0000
2300
FF0000
3430
A0F020
8100
558B00
2630
FF0000
6251
858585
6253
858585
6252
858585
6254
858585
6256
858585
2613
FF0000
4241
BEBEBE
5210
BEBEBE
2163
FF0000
4710
00FF00
4115
BEBEBE
3800
A0F020
2200
00FF00
6565
00FF00
8900
22228B
6300
00FF00
4130
00FF00
6290
858585
2590
FF0000
6900
858585
5139
BEBEBE
5133
BEBEBE
7250
22228B
1300
FF00FF
1360
FF00FF
4100
8B667E
2580
FF0000
9900
FFFFFF
9990
FFFFFF
9999
FFFFFF
7360
008B8B
6100
2F4F4F
3900
A0F020
7200
9090EE
9155
22228B
5100
BEBEBE
3110
A0F020
5100
9090EE
2600
FF0000
2700
FF0000
2710
FF0000
3310
A0F020
2161
FF0000
4180
BEBEBE
4420
00FF00
6940
858585
6420
00FF00
4520
00FF00
5200
64
5510
BEBEBE
5511
BEBEBE
5512
BEBEBE
5515
BEBEBE
5513
BEBEBE
5514
BEBEBE
5550
BEBEBE
5553
BEBEBE
4170
BEBEBE
9340
22228B
8220
22228B
2560
FF0000
6430
858585
6433
858585
6431
858585
6434
858585
6432
858585
4331
00FF00
3120
A0F020
3110
A0F020
3340
A0F020
5132
BEBEBE
5131
BEBEBE
3220
A0F020
1100
F5DCF5
1110
F5DCF5
1120
F5DCF5
1130
F5DCF5
1200
F5DCF5
2110
00FF00
1100
FF00FF
2622
FF0000
2740
FF0000
2410
FF0000
7240
9090EE
2320
FF0000
6200
00FF00
3000
A0F020
2120
00FF00
6400
00FF00
4500
00FF00
4210
BEBEBE
6213
858585
6211
858585
6214
858585
6212
858585
8500
558B00
8500
22228B
5130
9090EE
4231
BEBEBE
4122
BEBEBE
5552
BEBEBE
4121
BEBEBE
4120
BEBEBE
4123
BEBEBE
5700
BEBEBE
5720
BEBEBE
5710
BEBEBE
4720
00FF00
2310
FF0000
2333
FF0000
7210
22228B
2635
FF0000
2636
FF0000
2633
FF0000
2631
FF0000
2634
FF0000
2632
FF0000
2530
FF0000
5100
64
7130
22228B
6600
00FF00
2330
FF0000
2322
FF0000
2416
FF0000
1000
FF00FF
1000
FF00FF
1000
FF00FF
7110
008B8B
2200
FF0000
2210
FF0000
2220
FF0000
2100
FF0000
1210
FF00FF
9113
22228B
5540
BEBEBE
6224
858585
5250
BEBEBE
1320
FF00FF
5610
BEBEBE
4135
BEBEBE
4100
00FF00
4200
00FF00
6123
00FF00
4347
BEBEBE
2120
FF0000
6566
00FF00
2450
FF0000
1207
FF00FF
1217
FF00FF
1278
FF00FF
1275
FF00FF
1274
FF00FF
1279
FF00FF
1271
FF00FF
1277
FF00FF
1276
FF00FF
1273
FF00FF
1272
FF00FF
1270
FF00FF
6300
858585
6160
858585
6161
858585
6162
858585
4322
00FF00
6350
858585
9350
22228B
7250
9090EE
2210
FF0000
2100
FF0000
6700
858585
3440
A0F020
1100
FF00FF
1340
FF00FF
1000
9090EE
9900
FFFFFF
9990
FFFFFF
9999
FFFFFF
2200
F5DCF5
1206
FF00FF
1216
FF00FF
1268
FF00FF
1265
FF00FF
1264
FF00FF
1269
FF00FF
1261
FF00FF
1267
FF00FF
1266
FF00FF
1263
FF00FF
1262
FF00FF
1260
FF00FF
5350
9090EE
1250
FF00FF
2530
FF0000
4212
BEBEBE
6460
858585
4343
BEBEBE
3210
A0F020
4344
BEBEBE
4345
BEBEBE
3200
A0F020
2000
00FF00
9114
22228B
6320
00FF00
5700
BEBEBE
7253
22228B
4136
BEBEBE
7300
008B8B
7000
FFCBC0
2153
FF0000
6200
2F4F4F
6343
858585
6147
00FF00
3300
A0F020
5120
9090EE
8240
22228B
2230
FF0000
2100
00FF00
4200
9090EE
5551
BEBEBE
6140
858585
6227
858585
6310
858585
8100
22228B
2200
FF0000
7250
008B8B
9900
FFFFFF
9990
FFFFFF
9999
FFFFFF
7430
FFCBC0
9300
FFFFFF
9300
FFFFFF
9153
22228B
2540
FF0000
9200
22228B
9380
22228B
9430
22228B
2780
FF0000
2781
FF0000
2782
FF0000
4137
BEBEBE
4230
BEBEBE
4234
BEBEBE
1210
FF00FF
7180
9090EE
3130
A0F020
3100
A0F020
2570
FF0000
1213
FF00FF
1238
FF00FF
1235
FF00FF
1234
FF00FF
1239
FF00FF
1231
FF00FF
1237
FF00FF
1236
FF00FF
1233
FF00FF
1232
FF00FF
1230
FF00FF
1203
FF00FF
6228
858585
9999
FFFFFF
9151
22228B
3120
A0F020
2143
FF0000
4138
BEBEBE
1140
FF00FF
4230
00FF00
3940
A0F020
7450
FFCBC0
4120
00FF00
5400
BEBEBE
1200
FF00FF
5000
BEBEBE
4100
BEBEBE
6342
858585
7260
9090EE
2430
FF0000
5000
BEBEBE
5330
64
5320
64
5300
64
5310
64
4140
BEBEBE
1212
FF00FF
1228
FF00FF
1225
FF00FF
1224
FF00FF
1229
FF00FF
1221
FF00FF
1227
FF00FF
1226
FF00FF
1223
FF00FF
1222
FF00FF
1220
FF00FF
1202
FF00FF
9200
FFFFFF
9900
22228B
9100
FFFFFF
9000
FFFFFF
9200
FFFFFF
5240
BEBEBE
4143
BEBEBE
4300
BEBEBE
6000
858585
6100
858585
9120
22228B
5200
BEBEBE
2580
FF0000
6567
00FF00
2418
FF0000
6568
00FF00
6275
858585
6271
858585
6273
858585
6276
858585
6272
858585
6274
858585
6355
858585
6351
858585
6353
858585
6356
858585
6352
858585
6354
858585
3600
A0F020
2250
FF0000
2700
FF0000
2730
FF0000
8420
22228B
3230
A0F020
4346
BEBEBE
7460
9090EE
6131
858585
6132
858585
4312
00FF00
6280
858585
7400
9090EE
4410
00FF00
4310
00FF00
6200
858585
6130
858585
6210
858585
6250
858585
5500
BEBEBE
6270
858585
7230
008B8B
7240
22228B
5160
BEBEBE
7420
FFCBC0
6520
858585
6260
858585
2770
FF0000
9111
22228B
3500
A0F020
7233
22228B
4233
BEBEBE
3210
A0F020
7240
008B8B
4450
00FF00
2412
FF0000
2417
FF0000
9000
22228B
5600
BEBEBE
5300
9090EE
2145
FF0000
2413
FF0000
2142
FF0000
5000
9090EE
6800
00FF00
2210
FF0000
2155
FF0000
2113
FF0000
2114
FF0000
5510
BEBEBE
7410
9090EE
2135
FF0000
5380
9090EE
7100
008B8B
4133
BEBEBE
2400
FF0000
5400
9090EE
7420
9090EE
7310
008B8B
4700
00FF00
3300
A0F020
3320
A0F020
3500
A0F020
4110
9090EE
6830
00FF00
2133
FF0000
8430
22228B
8440
22228B
2140
FF0000
9240
22228B
4120
9090EE
2124
FF0000
5200
8B2B00
3000
CD9EB7
5300
8B2B00
5400
8B2B00
3420
A0F020
8700
22228B
5220
BEBEBE
6000
00FF00
6110
858585
3360
A0F020
4230
00FF00
4200
00FF00
3400
A0F020
8100
22228B
2550
FF0000
9360
22228B
7440
9090EE
9500
22228B
5370
9090EE
4314
00FF00
7300
9090EE
3100
A0F020
6950
858585
2250
FF0000
6700
2F4F4F
5650
BEBEBE
2414
FF0000
9140
22228B
2150
FF0000
2151
FF0000
4500
00FF00
6800
2F4F4F
7130
9090EE
1330
FF00FF
1300
FF00FF
1330
FF00FF
9520
22228B
6330
858585
5160
9090EE
7130
008B8B
3000
A0F020
4600
00FF00
4134
BEBEBE
2230
FF0000
8000
0
2334
FF0000
2332
FF0000
1240
FF00FF
2500
FF0000
4400
00FF00
6500
2F4F4F
4221
BEBEBE
6300
2F4F4F
4400
00FF00
4320
BEBEBE
4350
00FF00
4211
BEBEBE
6520
00FF00
5000
64
4440
00FF00
6970
858585
2455
FF0000
2115
FF0000
8300
22228B
5110
BEBEBE
5520
BEBEBE
3100
A0F020
7370
008B8B
4220
00FF00
5520
BEBEBE
4330
00FF00
4332
00FF00
7440
008B8B
5140
9090EE
4000
008B00
6510
858585
5410
BEBEBE
5150
BEBEBE
2300
FF0000
2750
FF0000
4130
BEBEBE
6920
858585
7380
008B8B
7110
9090EE
5500
BEBEBE
7450
9090EE
4321
00FF00
4340
BEBEBE
4320
00FF00
8000
22228B
2000
FF0000
5390
9090EE
7140
9090EE
6600
2F4F4F
4000
00FF00
6560
00FF00
4223
BEBEBE
2134
FF0000
9220
22228B
7200
22228B
4430
00FF00
4420
00FF00
7430
9090EE
6140
00FF00
4340
00FF00
1350
FF00FF
5110
9090EE
7190
9090EE
4000
BEBEBE
3370
A0F020
5210
BEBEBE
7430
008B8B
4330
BEBEBE
4311
00FF00
3200
A0F020
1122
FF00FF
5230
9090EE
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Above ground steel tank
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
The abutting property owner has access for ingress and egress; also includes
easements for streets
Access easement
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this category for an accessory unit, which is structurally separate and
distinct from the main structure. An accessory unit is a second dwelling unit
(structure-wise) that is added to an existing lot for use as a complete and
independent facility. Note that not all accessory units have residential
activities. For an accessory use (not structure) that is part of the main
structure or not incidental to the primary use, classification options vary.
Such a unit is also known as a "granny flat." See the working paper on Mixed
Uses and Accessory Uses for a discussion of the full range of issues
associated with accessory uses and their implications for land-use data
classifications.
Accessory units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category refers to an arbitrary second-level coding to accommodate
existing data classified as either active or passive leisure activities. Although
the distinction between active and passive are difficult to separate, use this
category only if more precise lower-level categories are combined in existing
data. For new data classification purposes either apply this category (for top
level coding) or identify the precise nature of activities (which are at the
third-level coding).
Active leisure sports and related activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Group all utilities: water, sewer, power, gas, etc.
Activities associated with utilities (water, sewer, power, etc.)
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this code as a placeholder until an appropriate code can be assigned.
It is normal for land-use databases to have records that may never be
classified and left blank instead. But LBCS recommends that all records have
a code because some computer applications may not be able handle blank
entries (null values in database terminology).
This code could also be used as the default value for data-entry work. The
subcategories serve the same purpose for other coding levels.
To be determined
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
To be determined
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Typical office establishments in any business or downtown area fall in this
category. They provide a variety of standard administrative services. These
establishments are typically associated with white-collar workers in the old
SIC. These may be independent establishments or part of conglomerates that
serve one or more companies. Use this category as a default assignment for
most office buildings.
Administrative services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Adult education services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Servient tenement must permit access over the property or to discharge
water on it.
Affirmative easement
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Agents and managers representing and managing creative and performing
artists, sports figures, entertainers, and other public figures. The
representation and management includes activities, such as representing
clients in contract negotiations; managing or organizing client’s financial
affairs; and promoting the careers of their clients.
Agent for management services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Air and space transportation facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This class consists of establishments providing steam, heated air, or cooled
air. Steam distribution may be through mains.
Air conditioning and steam supply
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Air Force facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This class encompasses establishments providing scheduled and
nonscheduled air transportation of cargo without transporting passengers.
Establishments primarily providing scheduled air transportation of mail on a
contract basis are included in this class.
Air freight transportation
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This class comprises establishments providing scheduled and nonscheduled
air transportation for passengers or passengers with freight.
Air passenger transportation
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in the air transportation subcategory provide air
transportation for passengers or cargo using aircraft, such as airplanes and
helicopters. This subcategory includes scenic and sightseeing air
transportation establishments, which may involve local departure and sameday
return. Air courier services (individual package or cargo delivery) are not
included in this subsection but are included in 4190, since these services
usually require road transportation to deliver the cargo to the intended
recipient.
Air transportation
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This class comprises establishments that provide specialized services for air
transportation (except air traffic control and other airport operations).
Examples of services include aircraft maintenance and repair (except factory
conversions, overhauls, rebuilding), and aircraft testing.
Aircraft and accessories
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These include: establishments providing air traffic control to regulate the
flow of air traffic; establishments that operate international, national, or civil
airports or public flying fields, or, that support airport operations (such as
rental of hangar spaces, and cargo handling services); and establishments
providing specialty air transportation or flying services (not included in air
freight or passenger transportation).
Airport and support establishment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Airport control tower
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Airport maintenance and hangar facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Airport terminal
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This subcategory comprises establishments raising animals and insects
(except cattle, hogs and pigs, poultry, sheep and goats, and animal
aquaculture) for sale or product production. These establishments raise: bees,
horses and other equines, fur-bearing animals, and so forth. Establishments
raising a combination of animals with no one animal or family of animals
accounting for one-half of the establishment’s agricultural production (i.e.,
value of animals for market) are included in this subcategory.
All other animal production
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this subcategory grow crops such as tobacco, cotton,
sugarcane, hay, peanuts, and other crops not classified, or, they grow a
combination of crops that cannot be classified elsewhere. Included in this
subcategory are establishments that gather tea or maple sap.
All other crops
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Alley
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this classification for all schools below the university level offering
specialized services, such as for the physically or mentally disabled.
Alternate education services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this class offer alternative energy (e.g., solar or wind)
production and distribution. However, for establishments that manufacture,
install, or repair equipment used for wind and solar energy, use the
appropriate manufacturing category.
Alternative energy sources
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Ambulatory or outpatient care establishments offer health care services
directly to patients without providing inpatient services.
Ambulatory or outpatient care services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Some can accommodate 15,000 to 20,000 spectators. Modern versions have
fixed seating (about 40% of capacity) under a roof (but no walls) and the
remaining spectators spread out on sloping lawns. They are very popular for
summer music concerts.
Amphitheater
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Amusement or theme parks operate a variety of attractions, such as
mechanical rides, water rides, games, shows, theme exhibits, refreshment
stands, and picnic grounds. These establishments may lease space to others
on a concession basis.
Amusement or theme park establishment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments provide animal and pet care services (except
veterinary), such as boarding, grooming, sitting, and training.
Animal and pet services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Although they may be integrated into a livestock facility, some are separately
located.
Animal feed operations facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this category raise or fatten animals for the sale of animals
or animal products. Establishments keep, graze, breed, or feed animals in
ranches, farms, or feedlots. Included in this category are slaughterhouses.
Animal production including slaughter
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Animal waste-handling facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This is a catch-all category all specialized structures and facilities, such as the
following: apiary, which is a bee house or a place where beehives are stored;
dovecote, a pigeon or doves house that is usually set above ground; a
duckhouse (for ducks), falconry, a facility for housing, training, and breeding
birds of prey; etc.
Apiary and other related structures
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This class comprises establishments raising bees. These establishments
collect and sell honey; and sell queen bees, packages of bees, royal jelly, bees’
wax, propolis, venom, or other bee products.
Apiculture (bees, wax, and related operations)
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Refers to an incorporeal right as part of a covenant attached to the land and
cannot exist separate from other aspects of the covenant.
Appurtenant easement
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Aquarium
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Earth dam, arch
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Structures enclosing large enclosed space designed for military training. They
may have incidental storage and office space within the main structure.
Armory building
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Army and marine corps facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
A typical heavy manufacturing facility.
Assembly and construction-type plants
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These services are provided by board-and-care establishments, such as adult
foster care homes and adult care group homes. Services include daily activity
assistance, such as dressing, grooming, bathing, etc. These establishments
may be located in single-family homes and share the house with the care
provider's family.
Assisted-living services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Usually two or more dwelling units side-by-side sharing one roof, but each
unit has a separate front and rear access.
Attached units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This is a broad category to include the myriad forms of vehicular sports
including automobile racing, dirt racing, motorcycle racing, and other crosscountry
type events.
Automobile and motorbike racing
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Automobile parking facilities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Includes service garages and other structures that have bays for automobile
service. These are specialized structures for auto repair and service.
Automobile repair and service structures
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments include all motor vehicle and parts dealers They may
have showrooms or open lots for selling vehicles and may provide repair and
maintenance services. Note that establishments selling medium and heavyduty
trucks should be included in wholesale trade and not here because such
products are never sold through retail channels.
Automobile sales or service establishment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments, also known as bars, taverns, nightclubs or drinking
places, primarily prepare and serve alcoholic beverages for immediate
consumption. These establishments may also provide limited food and
entertainment (primarily music) services.
Bar or drinking place
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Primarily associated with housing for uniformed services (police, military,
etc.). For tracking number of occupants, guest rooms, or beds, use additional
attributes or fields in the land-use database.
Barracks
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments primarily train in barbering, hair styling, or the
cosmetic arts, such as makeup or skin care. These schools provide jobspecific
certification.
Beauty schools
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments operate primarily in private homes and small buildings.
Bed and breakfast inn
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These raise cattle (including cattle for dairy herd replacements).
Beef cattle ranch establishments
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Bicycle and other nonmotorized paths
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments collect, store, or distribute blood and organs.
Blood and organ banks
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments are responsible for bridge, viaduct, elevated highway,
and tunnel construction.
Bridge and tunnel construction
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments: (1) install or dismantle building equipment, machinery
or other industrial equipment (except plumbing, heating, air conditioning or
electrical equipment); (2) provide machine rigging; and (3) provide
millwriting. Equipment installed includes automated and revolving doors,
conveyor systems, dumbwaiters, dust collecting equipment, elevators, small
incinerators, pneumatic tubes systems, and built-in vacuum cleaning systems.
Building equipment and machinery installation contractors
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Buried concrete tank
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Bus or truck maintenance facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Bus stop shelter
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Bus terminal
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments promote the business interests of their members, or of
their profession as a whole. They may conduct research on new products
and services; develop market statistics; sponsor quality and certification
standards; lobby public officials; or publish newsletters, books, or periodicals
for distribution to their members.
Business associations and professional membership organizations
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments offer courses in office procedures, secretarial skills,
stenographic, and basic office skills. In addition, these establishments may
offer such classes as office machine operation, reception, and
communications, designed for individuals pursuing a clerical or secretarial
career.
Business management
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments provide any of the following: document preparation,
telephone answering, telemarketing, mailing (except direct mail advertising),
court reporting, and steno typing. They may operate copy centers, which
provide photocopying, duplicating, blueprinting, or other copying services
besides printing. They may provide a range of support activities, including
mailing services, document copying, facsimiles, word processing, on-site PC
rental, and office product sales.
Business support services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Buttress dam
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This class includes two types of establishments. Cable networks operate
studios and facilities for the broadcasting of programs that are typically
narrowcast in nature (limited format, such as news, sports, education, and
youth-oriented programming). The services of these establishments are
typically sold on a subscription or fee basis. Delivery of cable programs to
customers is handled by distribution establishments that operate cable
systems, direct-to-home satellite systems, or other similar systems.
Cable networks and distribution
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These provide food services (except snack and nonalcoholic beverage bars)
where patrons order or select items and pay before eating. Food and drink
may be consumed on premises, taken out, or delivered to customers’
location. Some establishments in this subcategory may provide food services
in combination with selling alcoholic beverages. This subcategory includes
cafeterias, which use cafeteria-style serving equipment, a refrigerated area,
and self-service beverage dispensing equipment, and which display food and
drink items in a continuous cafeteria line.
Cafeteria or limited service restaurant
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this category primarily retail cameras, photographic
equipment, and photographic supplies, or, they retail these products with
repair services and film developing.
Camera and photographic supplies
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Camping is a broad category that includes parts of activities associated with
of shelter, recreation, and other related activities, such as hunting, fishing,
sailing, etc. The designation applies to only those camping areas and camp
grounds where camps are allowed.
Camping
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Structures specialized for assembly of elected and other public officials to
conduct public discourse. Although the main enclosure is similar to many
stepped or raised floor plans of theaters and auditoriums, the overall
structural characteristics of a capitol building includes other structures and
facilities associated with office-type activities.
Capitol buildings
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Structurally, they are similar to other store buildings, but some may include
repair garages, car washes, and other similar automobile-specific
construction. Typical functions include sales of auto parts, auto repairs, tires,
and other auto-related merchandise. Track the establishments in this type of
structure by applying the appropriate code(s) from the function dimension.
Car care center
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Car dealers retail new or used compact automobiles and light trucks (such as
sport utility vehicles, and passenger and cargo vans). These vehicles may be
sold in combination with activities, such as repair services, and selling
replacement parts and accessories.
Car dealer
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This class comprises establishments that clean and dye used rugs, carpets,
and upholstery.
Carpet and upholstery cleaning
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments rent or lease passenger cars without drivers.
Cars
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Casino hotels are establishments that a variety of services packaged to serve
gambling, sports betting, slot machines, food services, conference facilities,
convention or exhibition services, and recreational amenities like spas,
swimming pools, roller coaster rides, amusement parks, etc. In terms of
operations, these establishments function like a resort or hotel establishment
in addition to the gambling operations in the casino portions of the
establishments. Newer marketing strategies for casinos include the provision
of full service spa, recreation, and amusement services within the same
establishment including art exhibits, music shows, and theater performances.
Casino hotel
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These comprise establishments (except casino hotels) that operate gambling
facilities, such as casinos, bingo halls, and video gaming terminals, or that
provide gambling services, such as lotteries and off-track betting. These
establishments may provide food and beverage services. Included in this
subcategory are floating casinos (i.e., gambling cruises, and riverboat casinos).
Casino or gambling establishment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Caterers provide single event-based food services. They transport food via
equipment and vehicles to events or prepare food at an off-premise site.
Banquet halls with catering staff are included in this subcategory. Examples
of events catered by these establishments are trade shows, graduation parties,
wedding receptions, and business or retirement luncheons.
Caterer
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Cattle facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments feed cattle for fattening.
Cattle feedlot establishment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
The establishments in this subcategory raise cattle (including cattle for dairy
herd replacements), or feed cattle for fattening.
Cattle ranch and crops
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments offer services such as adoption, foster care, drug
prevention services, and life-skills training.
Child and youth services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Child day care establishments primarily care for infants and preschool
children and often offer pre-kindergarten education programs. Some
provide care services for older children.
Child day care
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Those that occur in school buildings, lecture rooms, etc. This category may
include other related activities only if the data is being generalized and the
predominant activities are classroom-type instructions.
Classroom-type activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category comprises establishments that: (1) mine bituminous coal,
anthracite, and lignite; (2) develop coal mine sites; and (3) beneficiate (i.e.,
prepare) coal (e.g., by cleaning, washing, screening, and sizing coal).
Coal
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Collection agencies: a). collect payments for claims and remit payments
collected to their clients; b). compile credit and employment information
(e.g. as credit bureaus) for financial institutions, retailers, or others who need
to evaluate credit worthiness; or c). repossess tangible assets (e.g.,
automobiles, boats, equipment, planes, furniture, appliances) for a creditor as
a result of delinquent debts.
Collection agency
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
College or university facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These comprise junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional
schools. These establishments furnish academic or technical courses and
grant degrees, certificates, or diplomas at the associate, baccalaureate, or
graduate levels. The requirement for admission is at least a high school
diploma or equivalent general academic training.
Colleges and Universities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this as a catch-all category when sufficient detail about structure types
are not available (for example, when using remotely sensed data).
Commercial buildings and other specialized structures
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Commercial property-related establishments lease buildings not used as
residences or dwellings. This category includes mini-warehouses and selfstorage
units, which provide space (i.e., rooms, compartments, lockers,
containers, or outdoor space) where clients store and retrieve goods.
Commercial property-related
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Communication towers
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments produce or distribute information. Information can be
broadly differentiated by the medium through which it flows. Every other
industry sector is in some way or another either a producer or consumer of
"information" -- alluded to terms like "information economy" and "global
economy." However, the establishments in this category pertain to those
that transform information into a commodity.
The subcategories correspond to the NAICS information industry sector.
Unless planning functions need finer distinctions, the subcategories at the
three-digit level should serve most applications. Differentiating a newspaper
printing press (which may operate like an industrial use) from a software
publishing enterprise (which may be like an office use) can be accomplished
by assigning appropriate codes from the structure-type and activity
dimensions.
Communications and information
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Usually configured as a strip (straight line, "U", or "L" shaped) center. Of all
the varieties of shopping centers, these are by far the most common type and
are configured in the widest range. Other terms used to describe this type
are: discount centers (if anchored by a discount store), or off-price centers (if
anchored by an off-price retailer).
Sizes vary from 100,000 to 350,000 square feet on sites ranging from 10 to
40 acres, and have a 3- to 6-mile primary trade area radius.
Serves a wider market than neighborhood and also offers wider range of
goods, especially apparel and other "soft" goods.
Anchors include supermarkets, super drugstores, and discount department
stores. Some centers may also contain off-price retail stores selling toys,
electronics, sporting goods, and home improvement and furnishings. Track
the establishments in this type of structure by applying the appropriate
code(s) from the function dimension.
Community center (general merchandise with two or more anchors)
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments collect, prepare, and deliver food for the needy. They
distribute clothing and bedding, run collections for food and donations, and
provide meals at fixed or mobile locations. Examples are food banks, meal
delivery programs, and soup kitchens
Community food services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Community park
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Commuter rail establishments operate commuter rail systems over regular
routes and on a regular schedule within a local area. Commuter rail is usually
characterized by reduced fares, multiple ride, and commutation tickets and is
mostly used by passengers during the morning and evening peak periods.
Local transit systems--commuter rail
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
When such structures are part of a combined animal-waste handling
facilities, use the higher-level Animal waste-handling facility category.
Composting facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments retail computers, computer peripherals, and
Prepackaged computer software without retailing other consumer-type
electronic products or office equipment, office furniture and office supplies.
Some of these establishments may also retail computer products in
combination with repair, support, and training services. This category does
not include those establishments that primarily sell computers and software
via mail order or the Internet. Such establishments should be classified under
the appropriate information services category.
Computer and software
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments conduct computer training (except computer repair), in
computer programming, software packages, computerized business systems,
computer electronics technology, computer operations, and local area
network management. Instruction may be provided at the establishment’s
facilities or at an off-site location.
Computer training
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Concrete contractors use concrete and asphalt to produce parking areas,
building foundations, structures, and retaining walls; and use of all materials
to produce patios, private driveways, and private walks. Activities performed
by these establishments include grout and shotcrete work.
Concrete contractor
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Gravity dam, concrete
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Although confined feedlots often refer to feeding operations for hogs, the
agriculture industry has had a history of confined feedlot operations for a
number of decades. Poultry feedlots, for example, have been confined for
many years. Another term that is synonymous but with a different meaning
is the US EPA and USDA definition for concentrated animal feeding
operations (CAFO). This definition refers to feedlots greater than a certain
capacity, in this case 1000 animal units. An animal unit is defined as the
equivalent of one beef cow. Although definitions vary in zoning and other
local regulations, the trend is to have some measurement unit based on
impacts of effluent. Using this measure, a CAFO is any facility serving more
than 1,000 cattle or 2,500 hogs or 55,000 turkeys, etc. The CAFO definition
has other equivalents for other livestock types. If CAFOs have to be
measured separate from confined feedlot facilities (i.e., that includes facilities
with less than 1,000 animal units), create another subcategory or a special
field to keep track of the CAFO units.
Confined feedlot facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Funded through the 1978 Congregate Housing Services Act, many of these
establishments serve meals and other services in low-income and federally
subsidized housing. Now, many establishments provide such services to
other non-subsidized housing facilities. Services include housekeeping,
laundry, transportation, recreational programs, and other convenience
services.
Congregate living services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments either build buildings or structures, or perform
additions, alterations, reconstruction, installation, and repairs. They may also
provide building demolition or wrecking services. Establishments engaged
in blasting, test drilling, landfill, leveling, earthmoving, excavating, land
drainage, and other land preparation are included as well. This category
reflects the unique processes employed by the establishments.
Coding should reflect the location of the establishment and not where it is
performing its services (which often happens on other sites). Construction
sites must get the appropriate function code for the enterprise for which the
construction (or demolition) is being undertaken. However, in the activity
dimension, such sites may be categorized under construction activity.
Construction-related businesses
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
During the construction stage of a development, especially if it is a largescale
one and is a multiyear project, the characteristics of the use is quite
different from what it may eventually become. When local plans need to
track such activities, use this category. Once completed, the activity code
should reflect its actual use.
Construction activities (grading, digging, etc.)
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments advise and assist businesses and other organizations on
management, scientific, and technological issues. This class includes
establishments that provide expertise in information technologies; these may
design, modify, test, support, or operate hardware and software for clients.
Consulting services (management, environmental, etc.)
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category comprises establishments that rent personal and householdtype
goods. Establishments generally provide short-term rental although in
some instances, the goods may be leased for longer periods of time. These
establishments often operate from a retail-like or store-front facility. Rental
items include: home health equipment; consumer electronics equipment,
such as televisions, stereos, and refrigerators; clothing, such as formal wear,
costumes, (except laundered uniforms and work apparel); furniture; and
party supplies. This class also comprises general rental centers, which may
offer a range of consumer, commercial, and industrial equipment, but which
are primarily geared towards consumers.
Consumer goods rental
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Continuance
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Convenience stores or food marts (except those with fuel pumps) primarily
retail a limited line of goods that generally includes milk, bread, soda, and
snacks. In high traffic or tourism corridors, they also sell gifts, crafts, maps,
and other goods normally associated with travel and tourism.
Convenience store
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Usually configured as a stand-alone store from the smallest size to a few
thousand square feet of space. It is typically anchored by a mini-mart, gas
station, or a 24-hour general store. Track the establishments in this type of
structure by applying the appropriate code(s) from the function dimension.
For gas stations, use the gasoline service station category.
Convenience stores or centers
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this class grow corn (except sweet corn) and produce corn
seeds. Sweet corn farmers are classified in the vegetable crop production
category.
Corn
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Jails, penitentiaries, detention centers, and other correctional facilities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These government establishments manage and operate correctional
institutions. Their facilities are generally designed for the confinement,
correction, and rehabilitation of offenders sentenced by a court.
Correctional institutions
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this category primarily retail cosmetics, perfumes,
toiletries, and personal grooming products.
Cosmetic and beauty supplies
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this class grow cotton.
Cotton crop
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Courier and messenger services are establishments that provide air, surface,
or combined courier delivery services of parcels and messages within or
between metropolitan areas or urban centers. These establishments may
form a network including local, and point-to point pick up and delivery.
Courier and messenger services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this classification for civilian courts of law (except Indian tribal and
Alaska Native courts). Included are civilian courts, courts of law, and
sheriffs’ offices conducting court functions only.
Courts
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Often found in downtown locations that provide shelter for large public
gatherings and communal activities.
Covered or partially covered atriums and public enclosures
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Surface parking, covered
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Credit and finance establishments, both private and public (governmentsponsored),
extend credit or lend funds raised by credit market borrowing,
such as issuing commercial paper or other debt instruments or by borrowing
from other financial intermediaries. Credit card, sales financing, unsecured
consumer lending, real estate credit, international trade financing, and
secondary market financing establishments are also included here.
Credit and finance establishment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments operate sites or structures reserved for the interment
of human or animal remains, or for cremating the dead.
Cremation services and cemeteries
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
siloing, etc.) These establishments provide mechanical harvesting, picking, crop
combining, drying, siloing, cleaning, shelling, fumigating, curing, sorting,
grading, packing, cooling, and other harvest and post harvest services (except
cotton ginning). They may provide the machinery necessary for these tasks.
Crop harvesting and post harvest crop activities (including drying,
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
The subcategories under crop production reflect biological, physiological,
economic, and production similarities. These similarities may include the
growing season length, degree of crop rotation, extent of input specialization,
labor requirement, or capital demand.
Crop production
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Culvert
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This subcategory comprises establishments that milk dairy cattle.
Dairy cattle and milk production
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Includes barns, milking barns, milking parlors, etc.
Dairy facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Because these structures are of special concern for emergency management
and other disaster recovery applications, they appear in a separate category
with subcategories useful for emergency planners. Many state and federal
emergency management applications (as described in the U.S. Federal
Emergency Management Agency's HAZUS manual) specify these
distinctions.
These categories also match the facility types specified in the Federal
Geographic Data Committee's facility standards.
Dam
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in the death care category include funeral homes,
crematories, cemeteries, and similar establishments. In economic
classification systems, these are often included along with other personal
services. However, due to traditional planning distinctions, they are placed
here.
Death care services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These buildings are characterized by large commercial spaces for retail or
wholesale sales although they may be reconfigured for other uses. Use this
category for urban and downtown department stores that look similar to
office or standalone store, but have specialized building features (store
fronts, display windows, large atriums, etc.).
Department store building
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Standard single-family residential structures.
Detached units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Developed sites with buildings, irrespective of their size or configuration,
should be classified in this category. For differentiating building types, use
the structure dimension. For differentiating the size the building, use
additional fields in the database to keep track of number of floors, square
footage, height, etc. Also apply this category for sites (except parks) that have
other site development characteristics besides buildings.
Developed site -- with buildings
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Apply this category for sites that are developed with landscaping and
ornamental features, such as traffic islands.
Developed site with landscaped or ornamental features
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Site is not in natural state or in crop or other resource use, but is functional
nevertheless.
Developed site -- nonbuilding structures
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Parks have a range of complex site development characteristics. They may
include or more of the above site dimension categories. That is, park lands
may be developed or undeveloped, with or without structures and buildings,
etc. Because they have specific functional and activity purposes that require
separation from other categories in the site dimension, they have their own
set of categories. The functional subcategories reflect the local, state,
regional, and federal planning needs. Substitute the terminology to reflect
local applications, but retain the classification hierarchy and coding numbers.
For tracking specific activity characteristics in parks, use the activity
dimension. Although some of the subcategories overlap with functional
distinctions (state versus national parks, for instance), having them in the site
dimension serves to clarify activity and functional characteristics of parks.
Although such distinction may not be useful, many park planning
applications depend on knowing the precise activity and functional
characteristics within parks. For example, when a park has a concession
stand run by a private company, the function for that part of the park will
take the appropriate function code. Similarly, parking areas in parks will take
the appropriate activity characteristics. Besides the activity and function
dimension, parks can further be characterized by using the structure and
ownership dimensions as well.
Developed site -- with parks
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Site is not in natural state, but is used for a variety of purposes, such as
outdoor storage, parking, and whole host of other functions and activities.
Developed site -- no buildings and no structures
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Apply this category for sites that are under construction or otherwise in
transition to becoming developed sites.
Developing site
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Also known as nonapparent or noncontinuous easement, this easement
recognizes interference from people on the property, such as when using the
right-of-way (in an access easement) or accessing water (in a water access
easement).
Discontinuing easement
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Distribution circuits with seismically designed components
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Distribution circuits with standard components
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Primarily associated with an institution that provides sleeping units and
communal dining facilities. For tracking the number of occupants, guest
rooms, or beds, use additional attributes or fields in the land-use database.
Dormitories
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this classification for establishments operating water treatment plants,
filtration plants, pumping stations, and similar facilities for drinking water
only.
Drinking water
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Drive-in theaters
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this classification for all drivers education establishments, including
mandatory public drivers education, truck drivers education, and education
for the operation of public transit motor vehicles.
Driving education
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this class grow dried peas, beans, and lentils.
Dry pea and bean
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Generally a two-unit building that is divided horizontally, and each unit has a
separate entrance from the outside or through a common vestibule. For semidetached,
double-duplexes, quadraplexes, maisonettes, etc., count the
number of units in the structure and use the appropriate multifamily
structure category. For applications that need to track the precise
configuration, use additional fields or attributes in the land-use database.
Duplex structures
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this subcategory retail a wide range of product lines that
often include: apparel, appliances and home furnishings, paint, hardware,
toiletries, cosmetics, photographic equipment, jewelry, toys, sporting goods,
automotive parts, and dry goods. The following classes detail particular lines
of merchandise. If no line of merchandise predominates, or, if the line of
merchandise is not included in the following classes, use this subcategory
code. Examples of such establishments are: department stores, warehouse
clubs, superstores or super centers (with the exception of grocery stores).
Durable consumer goods sales and service
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in the durable goods subcategory sell or arrange the purchase
or sale of capital or durable goods to other businesses. These establishments
wholesale products, such as motor vehicles, furniture, construction materials,
machinery and equipment (including household-type appliances), metals and
minerals (except petroleum), sporting goods, toys and hobby goods,
recyclable materials, and parts. Durable goods generally have life expectancy
of at least three years.
Durable goods
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
An easement right tied to a specific person and granted for personal usage
and ends with the death of the grantee.
Easement by gross
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category refers to a situation in which a land-locked parcel is conveyed
legally and does not have any access to roads or access. Note that easement
of necessity refers to an easement necessary for the dominant tenement.
Easement by necessity
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
An easement right tied to a specific person and granted for personal usage.
Easement by prescription
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
An easement that increases the convenience of dominant tenement.
Easement of convenience
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
An easement that creates lateral support of land in its natural state and such
support structures are held in place on neighboring land (the kind normally
seen in hillside or shoreline subdivisions).
Easement of natural support
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
The establishments in this category offer teaching and learning. Educational
service may be provided in a variety ways (e.g., through educational
institutions, the workplace, television, or home correspondence). Use the
other dimensions to identify the precise nature of the land use. For example,
the structure dimension can differentiate a school bus garage from a school
building, or the ownership dimension can identify private from public
schools.
Educational services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Eight units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Eighteen units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Eighty-eight units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Eighty-five units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Eighty-four units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Eighty-nine units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Eighty-one units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Eighty-seven units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Eighty-six units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Eighty-three units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Eighty-two units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
When using a three-level coding scheme, apply this category to mean
"between seventy and eighty units."
Eighty units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Electric power establishments provide electric power generation (except
hydroelectric, fossil fuel, nuclear), transmission, control, and distribution.
Establishments include facilities that convert other forms of energy (such as
solar, wind, or tidal power) into electrical energy, electric power transmission
and control systems (including lines and transformer stations), and
distribution systems (i.e., lines, poles, meters, and wiring). Also included are
establishments that arrange the sale of electricity via power distribution
systems operated by others.
Electric power
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Because these structures are of special concern for emergency management
and other disaster recovery applications, they appear in a separate category
with subcategories useful for emergency planners. Many state and federal
emergency management applications (as described in the U.S. Federal
Emergency Management Agency's HAZUS manual) specify these
distinctions.
Electric substation and distribution facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments perform on-site electrical work, equipment service, and
installation; they may sell electrical equipment along with installation.
Electrical contractor
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in the electronics and appliance stores class retail electronics
and appliance merchandise from point-of-sale locations. Establishments in
this class often operate from locations that have special provisions for floor
displays requiring special electrical capacity to accommodate the proper
demonstration of these products. The staff may include sales personnel
knowledgeable in the characteristics and warranties of the line of goods
retailed and may also include trained repairpersons to handle the
maintenance and repair of the electronic equipment and appliances.
Products sold at these establishments include household-type appliances,
cameras, televisions, stereos, and other electronic goods.
These establishments often sell computer hardware and software along with
other lines of merchandise; however, establishments primarily selling
computer hardware, software, or computer services, are classified in another
category below; likewise establishments primarily selling cameras, camera
parts, or camera services, are classified in a separate category.
Electronics and Appliances
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Elementary
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Eleven units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments provide food, shelter, clothing, medical relief,
resettlement, and counseling to disaster victims.
Emergency and relief services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Emergency operation center
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this classification for establishments providing ground or air
transportation for medical relief purposes. These services are often provided
during a medical emergency but are not restricted to emergencies. The
vehicles are equipped with lifesaving equipment operated by medically
trained personnel.
Emergency response
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments provide employee placement, temporary help, and
employee leasing services. These: (1) list employment vacancies and refer or
place individuals in employment for others; (2) supply workers to clients’
businesses for limited periods of time to supplement their working force; and
(3) provide human resources and human resource management, and operate
in co-employment with clients. These establishments may or may not
provide direct supervision of their employees at clients’ work sites, but do
not have management accountability for the work of their clients with regard
to strategic planning, output, or profitability. Professional employer
organizations (PEO) and establishments providing labor or staff leasing
services are included in this class.
Employment agency
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Environmental monitoring station (air, soil, etc.)
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category is for all equestrian-related leisure activities including riding,
mounting, horsemanship, and equestrian games, such as polo, hurdles,
dressage training and show jumping. The related categories include those
incidental to maintaining stables, feeding, caring, and housing horses.
Equestrian sporting activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Often tied to a building deed for common usage and enjoyment of adjacent
properties.
Equitable easement
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Owner of the land imposes voluntary restrictions on the tenants or users of
the property.
Estoppel easement
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments prepare land for building construction. Activities they
perform include shaft drilling, foundation digging, foundation drilling, and
grading.
Excavation contractor
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Exhibitions and art galleries
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments that exterminate and control birds, mosquitoes, rodents,
termites, and other insects and pests (except for crop production and
forestry production) are classified here. Establishments providing fumigation
services are also included in this class.
Extermination and pest control
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments provide operating staff for support services within a
client’s facilities. They typically provide a combination of services, such as
janitorial, maintenance, trash disposal, security, mail reception, and laundry
services. They provide operating staff to carry out these support activities,
but are not involved with the core activities of the client. Establishments
providing operation support services (except computer and data processing)
and establishments operating correctional facilities (i.e., jails) on a contract or
fee basis are also included here.
Facilities support services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Family planning establishments provide outpatient family planning services,
such as contraceptive services, genetic and prenatal counseling, voluntary
sterilization, and other pregnancy services.
Outpatient care centers or clinics have several practitioners with different
specializations practicing within the same establishment. Many such centers
also function as HMO medical centers and focus on primary health care.
Some HMO centers also have functions related to insurance underwriting.
Family planning and outpatient care centers
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments supply labor or management for agricultural
production or harvesting. Labor contractors and crew leaders are included.
Management services usually operate for citrus groves, orchards, or
vineyards, and may arrange the partial or complete operations of the farm.
Management activities may include cultivating, harvesting, or other
agricultural support activities; however, for establishments that primarily
produce crops, use the appropriate crop production classification.
Farm and farm labor management services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Federal government
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Fifteen units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Fifty-eight units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Fifty-five units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Fifty-four units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Fifty-nine units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Fifty-one units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Fifty-seven units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Fifty-six units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Fifty-three units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Fifty-two units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
When using a three-level coding scheme, apply this category to mean
"between forty and fifty units."
Fifty units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Finance and insurance establishments engage in financial transactions that
create, liquidate, or change ownership of financial assets. They also pool
financial risks by underwriting insurance and annuities. Some establishments
support employee benefit programs. In many cases, it may not be always
possible to differentiate some establishments between the subcategories; use
this category instead.
Finance and Insurance
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments offer instruction in the arts, including dance, art,
drama, and music.
Fine and performing arts education
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
The classic example is a fire station with fire trucks in standard bays with
associated training, resting, office, and equipment storing activities on the
site. Use this category for sites that do not necessarily look like a fire station,
but serve the same purpose (e.g., on-site fire and rescue stations for largescale
developments).
Fire and rescue-related activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Fire and rescue establishments engage in fire fighting and other related fire
protection activities. Establishments providing fire protection along with
ambulance or rescue services are classified here.
Fire and rescue
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Fire and rescue station
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments commercially catch or take finfish, shellfish, or
miscellaneous marine products from a natural habitat. Marine products
include bluefish, eels, salmon, tuna, clams, crabs, lobsters, mussels, oysters,
shrimp, frogs, sea urchins, and turtles.
Fishing
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Five units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments offer aviation and flight training. They may offer
vocational training, recreational training, or both.
Flight training
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this class grow or produce floriculture or ornamental
horticulture products (e.g., cut flowers and roses, cut cultivated greens,
potted flowering and foliage plants, and flower seeds).
Floriculture production
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Florists are establishments that retail cut flowers, floral arrangements, and
potted plants purchased from others. These establishments usually prepare
the arrangements they sell.
Florist
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in the food and beverage subcategory transform livestock
and produce into products for intermediate or final consumption; or they
manufacture beverages. These products are typically sold to wholesalers or
retailers; however, also included here are bakery and candy establishments
that produce on the premises for later consumption. Beverage
manufacturing includes the manufacture of nonalcoholic and fermented and
distilled alcoholic beverages. Ice manufacturing, while not a beverage, is also
included because it uses the same production process as water purification.
Food and beverages
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this class grow food crops, such as mushrooms, in
underground mines, under glass, or in other controlled environments under
cover.
Food crops grown under cover
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments provide food services at institutional, governmental,
commercial, or industrial locations of others based on contracts with
organizations for a specified period of time. Establishments in this
subcategory provide food services for the convenience of the contracting
organization or the contracting organization’s customers. The food service
contractor always provides its own management staff.
Food service contractor
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this category only include those that prepare meals, snacks,
and beverages for immediate consumption. Many other establishments also
provide similar food and beverage services, but they are not included here
because that is not their primary economic function. Use the activity
dimension to differentiate such activities in those establishments.
For accommodation services (hotels, motels, etc.) use the residential and
accommodation services category.
Food services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments grow trees for reforestation and gather forest products,
such as gums, barks, balsam needles, rhizomes, fibers, Spanish moss, ginseng,
and truffles.
Forest nurseries
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Forestry and logging establishments grow and harvest timber on long
production cycles (more than 10 years). They also specialize in reforestation,
seeding, and similar activities. This category includes establishments
specializing in gathering forest products, such as gums, barks, balsam
needles, rhizomes, fibers, Spanish moss, ginseng, and truffles.
Establishments growing on short production cycles, such as Christmas tree
producers, are classified in "crop production".
Forestry and Logging
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Forty-eight units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Forty-five units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Forty-four units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Forty-nine units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Forty-one units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Forty-seven units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Forty-six units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Forty-three units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Forty-two units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
When using a three-level coding scheme, apply this category to mean
"between twenty and thirty units."
Forty units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This comprises establishments operating fossil fuel electric power generation
facilities. These facilities use fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, or gas, in internal
combustion or combustion turbine conventional steam process to produce
electric energy. Electric energy produced in these establishments is provided
to electric power transmission systems or to electric power distribution
systems.
Fossil
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Four units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Fourteen units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments primarily retail fresh fruits and vegetables either as
standalone business or part of a larger collection of shops, such as is
common with farmers markets, bazaars, and roadside grocery stands.
Fruit and vegetable store
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this class grow fruit (except melons) or tree nut crops.
These crops are generally not grown from seeds and have a perennial life
cycle. Establishments include citrus groves, apple orchards, grape vineyards,
berry farms, and tree nut farms.
Fruits and trees
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Full-service restaurants provide food services to patrons who order and are
served while seated (i.e. waiter/waitress service) and pay after eating. They
may provide this service in combination with selling alcoholic beverages,
providing takeout services, or presenting live nontheatrical entertainment.
Full-service restaurant
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this code as a placeholder until an appropriate code can be assigned.
It is common for land-use databases to have records never classified and left
blank instead. However, LBCS recommends that all records have a code
because some computer applications may not be able handle blank entries
(null values in database terminology).
This code could also be used as the default value for data-entry work. The
subcategories serve the same purpose for other coding levels.
To be determined
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
To be determined
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Land-use plans traditionally treated such facilities as serving a community
function. Even though many funeral homes now are for-profit enterprises,
for lack of a more suitable category, this facility type remains in the
community facility category.
Many funeral homes may look like large older-style single-family residential
structures but have significant structural differences to accommodate funeral
functions. They often contain one or more assembly rooms that can hold 25
to 400 people, several smaller rooms for embalming, caskets, showing, and
other functions, and because the funeral plant is a 24-hour operation, they
often have sleeping quarters for a family.
Funeral homes and cremation facilities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category comprises establishments preparing the dead for burial or
interment and conducting funerals (i.e., providing facilities for wakes,
arranging transportation for the dead, selling caskets and related
merchandise). Funeral homes combined with crematories are also included.
Funeral homes and services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This class comprises establishments raising fur-bearing animals including
rabbits. These animals may be raised for sale or for their pelt production.
Fur-bearing animal production
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments manufacture furniture and related articles, such as
mattresses, window blinds, cabinets, fixtures, furniture parts, and frames.
Processes include the cutting, bending, molding, laminating, and assembling
materials, such as wood, metal, glass, plastics, and rattan. Aesthetic and
functional design also plays an important part in the production of furniture.
Design services may be performed by the furniture establishment’s work
force or may be purchased from industrial designers. Some of the processes
used in furniture manufacturing are similar to processes in other
manufacturing categories (such as wood manufacturing, metal
manufacturing, and plastics manufacturing). However, furniture
manufacturing is distinguished as a separate category due to the combination
of multiple production processes.
For manufacturers of transportation equipment seats and furniture, use the
transportation manufacturing category. For manufacturers of medical-type
furniture, use the miscellaneous manufacturing category.
Furniture and related products
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Retail furnishing establishments sell products, such as household furniture
(e.g., baby furniture box springs and mattresses) and outdoor furniture,
office furniture (except those sold in combination with office supplies and
equipment), floor coverings (rugs, carpets, vinyl floor coverings, and floor
tile not only ceramic or wood), and window treatments (curtains, drapes,
blinds, and shades). Some of these items may be sold in combination with
major appliances or home electronics, or in combination with installation
and repair services.
Furniture or home furnishings
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Casinos normally host gambling, wagering, and those establishments that
serve the gaming aspects of leisure activities. However, many other types of
establishments also provide slot machines, and other gambling and gaming
facilities (shopping centers in Las Vegas, for instance).
Gambling
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These operate arcades and parlors (except gambling, billiard, or pool,) for
amusement.
Games arcade establishment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Gas and fuel lines
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Because these structures are of special concern for emergency management
and other disaster recovery applications, they appear in a separate category
with subcategories useful for emergency planners. Many state and federal
emergency management applications (as described in the U.S. Federal
Emergency Management Agency's HAZUS manual) specify these
distinctions.
Gas compressor stations
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Gas compressor stations with anchored components
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Gas compressor stations with unanchored components
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Gas or electric power generation facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Gas storage and distribution facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Gas stations are establishments that primarily retail automotive fuels (e.g.,
diesel fuel, gasohol, gasoline) which may or may not be in combination with
convenience stores or food marts. These establishments may further
provide services such as automotive repair, automotive oils, replacement
parts and accessories, or food and beverage sales.
Gasoline service
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Structures that are specialized for selling gasoline with storage tanks, often
underground or hidden. They may have bays for car washes. For
convenience stores that sell gasoline, use the convenience store category.
Gasoline station
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Mass assembly of people at fairs and exhibitions includes activities associated
with food and souvenir vending, purchasing tickets, and related activities.
This category also includes activities associated with entertainment shows,
park rides, etc., at fairs.
Gatherings at fairs and exhibitions
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
The general sales and services category comprises the vast majority of
establishments typically associated with commercial land use. Since this
category covers such a wide range of establishments, the subcategories
provide the best definition. These are: retail sales and service; automobile
sales or service; finance and insurance; business, professional, scientific, and
technical services; food services; and personal services. For most
applications, the general sales and services category is not specific enough for
classifying the economic function of land. However, in cases where specific
information is not available, this category may be used as a default for
commercial land uses.
General sales or services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Geothermal facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments install (i.e., by glazing) and tint glass. However,
automotive glass establishments are classified in retail sales and services
under "automotive sales and service establishments".
Glass and glazing contractor
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Includes other leisure activities, such as pall-mall, tipcart, croquet, golf,
curling, and pall one besides golf.
Golf
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Activities in stores that trade retail goods. The distinction is in the physical
attributes of activities associated with goods (buying, selling, repairing, etc.)
and not the type of goods.
Goods-oriented shopping
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Grade school
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category comprises all public, private, and specialty schools between the
preschool and university level. The individual classifications are based on
traditional age and educational level distinctions.
Grade schools
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Includes sites that have been prepared for development.
Site that is graded with no structures or active use
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
The classes within this subcategory comprise establishments that grow grains
or oilseeds, or that produce the seeds of grain and oilseeds. Use the
subcategory to classify establishments with no oilseed, grain, or family of
oilseeds or grains accounting for one-half of the crop value, or for
establishments growing grains or producing grain seeds not included
elsewhere. Otherwise, classify establishments within one of the following
classes.
Grain and oilseed
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Rarely, but, also known as glasshouses, these are enclosed structures with or
without climate control facilities for growing plants and vegetation under
controlled environments.
Greenhouses
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Harbor or port terminal
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Hatcheries
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this class grow hay, alfalfa, clover, or mixed hay.
Hay
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This class comprises establishments that (1) operate treatment and disposal
facilities for hazardous waste; and (2) combine, collect, or haul hazardous
waste materials within a local area while operating treatment or disposal
facilities.
Hazardous waste collection
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This single category should serve most planning applications. However,
communities that have a variety of hazardous waste facilities and want to
further delineate such facilities may do so by using the subcategories. But for
the rest, this one category should suffice. All emergency preparedness plans
require inventory of such facilities, and common applications include local
traffic routing rules.
Hazardous waste storage facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This class comprises establishments that (1) remediate and clean
contaminated buildings, mine sites, soil, or ground water; (2) provide mine
reclamation activities, including demolition, soil remediation, waste water
treatment, hazardous material removal, contouring land, and revegetation;
and (3) asbestos, lead paint, and other toxic material abatement.
Hazardous waste treatment and disposal
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this category provide health care at all levels (preventive to
surgical), social assistance, and associated services. These establishments
require workers with the appropriate expertise for such services, and are
bound to the regulations and oversight of local, state, and federal health and
human services departments. Use the category level for classifying
ambulance services and other medical transport establishments.
Use the other dimensions to identify the precise activity and structure type in
which the establishment is located. The ownership dimension will help
identify public versus private facilities.
Health and human services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This subcategory comprises of establishments that retail health and personal
care merchandise from fixed point-of-sale locations. Some of these
establishments may have specialized staff trained in dealing with the
products, such as pharmacists, opticians, and other professionals that retail,
advise, and fit the product for the customer. Establishments in this
subcategory are further classified by the products they retail.
Health and personal care
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this classification for heating and plumbing equipment retailers. For
hardware stores also selling heating and plumbing equipment, use the
hardware and home centers classification. For heating and plumbing
contractors that retail and install or service equipment, use the appropriate
construction category.
Heating and plumbing equipment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this category provide heavy nonbuilding construction.
Construction work may involve new construction, reconstruction, additions,
alterations, rehabilitation, installation, maintenance, or repair.
Establishments may subcontract all or some of the construction work.
Establishments include general contractors, design builders, engineerconstructors,
and joint-venture contractors. Also included are construction
management firms and special trade contractors and subcontractors.
Heavy construction
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
The next three subcategories (i.e. "heavy", "durable", and "other" consumer
goods sales or services), group establishments by their products, and the
classes broadly group them by their characteristics. There is no fundamental
economic principle in these differences; they reflect traditional planning
categories.
Heavy consumer goods sales or service
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Typically the largest facilities in a community, these structures house
complex operations, some of which might be continuous (operated 24 hours
a day, seven days a week). Because these facilities are constructed for specific
occupants, they have a high degree of obsolescence.
Because the subcategories mirror those used by industrial property
appraisers, appraisal data sets may already contain some or all these
distinctions.
Heavy industrial structures and facilities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Heliport facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These facilities handle the most hazardous of all waste products--fission
products, which have high-intensity and penetrating radioactivity. The
processes involved are heavily mechanized because humans cannot come
into contact with these such materials.
High-level waste facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
High-rise mini-warehouse
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
High-voltage (500 KV) substation with anchored components
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
High-voltage (500 KV) substation with unanchored components
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments are responsible for unleavened highway, street, road, or
airport runway construction. Included are subcontractors for highway and
street construction (e.g., highway grading installation, guardrail installation,
and public sidewalk construction).
Highway and street construction;
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Because these structures are of special concern for emergency management
and other disaster recovery applications, they appear in a separate category
useful for emergency planners. Many state and federal emergency
management applications (as described in the U.S. Federal Emergency
Management Agency's HAZUS manual) specify this distinction.
This category may be applicable when individual segments of roads are
classified. For many local land-use applications, this linear facility (along with
the right-of-way) may appear as a road segment. As local databases improve
their accuracy, this category will increasingly become significant.
Highway bridges and tunnels
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Highway rest stops and welcome centers
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
The subcategories provided for roads follow the Federal Highway
Administration's (FHWA) functional road classification scheme. This
scheme explains to Metropolitan Planning Organizations how they can meet
specific reporting requirements of the Intermodal Surface Transportation
Efficiency Act of 1991. Many local and state agencies use the same
categories for their local planning applications.
The two additional subcategories, local and alley, provided below can capture
some additional local road types. Local roads may be private or unfunded
roads. Alleys are commonly used in denser urban areas.
There is no color scheme for roads in most local planning applications; they
are left white or colored black. Depending on the scale of the map (regional
or statewide maps), roads are may be shown as dark (usually black) lines. But
ISTEA reporting requirements specify the following scheme for regional or
statewide maps:
Interstate highways - Blue solid line
Other Freeways and expressways - Brown solid line
Other principal arterials - Red solid line
Minor arterials - Green solid line
Major collectors - Purple solid line
Minor collectors - Yellow solid line
All future routes classified should be shown as dashed lines using the
appropriate color. At this scale where roads are depicted as lines, local roads
and alleys may be too small to register on a map, but if they do, use black
dashed lines.
Highways and roads
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Historical parks emphasize the protection of historical and cultural
resources, in an outdoor setting.
Historic sites or parks
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments preserve and exhibit sites, buildings, forts, or
communities that describe events or persons of particular historical interest.
Archeological sites, battlefields, historical ships, and pioneer villages are
included in this subcategory.
Historical or archeological institution
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments raise hogs and pigs. Establishments may undertake
farming activities, such as breeding, farrowing, and the raising of weanling
pigs, feeder pigs, or market size hogs.
Hog and pig farm
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments primarily retail materials and supplies for home
building or repairs. They also sell other products, such as lumber, plumbing
goods, electrical goods, tools, house wares, hardware, and, sometimes, lawn
and garden supplies.
Hardware, home centers, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Structurally, these centers are no different from other types of store
buildings. Sometimes, they have outdoor sales or storage of merchandise.
Sizes vary from a few hundred to several thousand square feet of enclosed
space. Such a center is typically anchored by a hardware, furniture, carpet, or
other store specializing in merchandise for home improvement. Track the
establishments in this type of structure by applying the appropriate code(s)
from the function dimension.
Home improvement center
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This class comprises establishments raising horses, mules, donkeys, and
other equines.
Horse and equine production
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Hospitals provide medical, diagnostic, and treatment services. These
establishments often offer physician, nursing and specialized accommodation
services for inpatient care.
Hospital
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Hospital building
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Includes those activities normally associated with single-family, multifamily,
town homes, manufactured homes, etc.
Household activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this category offer a wide range of housing services for
those who cannot care for themselves, such as the elderly. These
establishments have primarily evolved from two service areas: housing and
custodial care. Housing service establishments provide some personal care
services; likewise, custodial care establishments provide certain kinds of
housing services. The variety of choices available now range from simple
services offered in one's house to advanced 24-hour personal care and health
services, which are typically common in hospital care services. Many
establishments in this category also offer a menu of services to choose from.
The subcategories reflect four common patterns of housing for the elderly
and relate to the level of the dependence on the care provider.
Housing services for the elderly
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Hunting activities include live and also clay pigeon and skeet shooting.
Hunting
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This comprises establishments operating hydroelectric power generation
facilities. These facilities use waterpower to drive a turbine and produce
electric energy. Electric energy produced in these establishments is provided
to electric power transmission systems or to electric power distribution
systems.
Hydroelectric
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Normally they may not be visible, but newer facilities have air vents and
other gas recycling equipment co-located.
In ground silos
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Many bowling alleys, golf ranges, skating rinks, etc., do not have large
spectator seating areas but cater to a large number of people playing in the
facility. If necessary, create subcategories here for to differentiate between
structures (skating rinks from golf ranges, for example).
Indoor games facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments are responsible for the construction of heavy industrial
and other nonbuilding structures not included elsewhere, such as chemical
complexes or facilities, cement plants, petroleum refineries, industrial
incinerators, ovens, kilns, power plants, and nuclear reactor containment
structures; athletic fields, dams, dikes, docks, drainage projects, golf courses,
harbors, parks, reservoirs, canals, sewage treatment plants, water treatment
plants, hydroelectric plants, subways, and other mass transit projects.
Establishments may provide construction equipment rental with an operator.
Industrial and other nonbuilding construction
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this as a catch-all category when sufficient detail about structure types
are not available (for example, when using remotely sensed data).
Because the subcategories mirror those used by industrial property
appraisers, appraisal data sets may already contain some or all these
distinctions.
Industrial buildings and structures
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Also known as research and development parks, these are one or more
buildings used for light industrial activities, often by several independent
enterprises, that may share common loading, parking, and business services.
Sometimes they are also referred to as business incubators that are similar to
a light industrial structure but differ in the duration of tenancy (incubators
only lease for a year to two to help a business in its initial development).
Industrial malls, structurally, are like business incubators, but without
tenancy restrictions.
Industrial parks
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This subcategory consists of news syndicates, and information and data
processing services. These may supply information to the news media, or
provide electronic data processing services. These establishments may
provide complete processing and preparation of reports from data supplied
by customers; specialized services, such as automated data entry services; or
may make data processing resources available to clients on an hourly or
timesharing basis.
Information services and data processing industries
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Residential living activity associated with dormitories, group homes,
barracks, retirement homes, etc. These activities may occur in any number of
structural types (single-family homes, multi-family homes, manufactured
homes, etc.), but the activity characteristics of such living is not the same as
the other subcategories under residential activities. Also note that the
distinction between various residential activities is independent of the
definition of a family.
Institutional living
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this as a catch-all category when sufficient detail about structure types
are not available (for example, when using remotely sensed data).
Institutional or community facilities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These primarily engaged in one of the following: (1) underwriting (assuming
the risk, assigning premiums, etc.) annuities and insurance policies or (2)
facilitating such underwriting by selling insurance policies, and by providing
other insurance and employee-benefit related services.
Insurance-related establishment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This class comprises of establishments that assign rights to assets, such as
patents, trademarks, brand names, and franchise agreements for which a
royalty payment or licensing fee is paid to the asset holder.
Intellectual property rental (video, music, software, etc.)
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
The dominant tenement enjoys the easement sometimes, not continuously.
Intermittent easement
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this subcategory provide one or more of the following: (1)
investigation and detective services; (2) guard and patrol services; (3) the
picking up and delivering of money or valuable items with protection while
in transit; (4) the selling of security systems, such as burglar and fire alarms
and locking devices, along with installation, repair, or monitoring; and (5)
remote monitoring of electronic security alarm systems.
Investigation and security services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This class consists of establishments operating water treatment plants and
establishments operating water supply systems for irrigation and industrial
supply only. The water supply system may include pumping stations,
aqueducts, or distribution mains.
Irrigation and industrial water supply
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Irrigation channels
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category includes activities associated with urban and rural water
distribution systems. Although not as common as the water purification
plants, these activities are commonly associated with wells and reservoirs for
water supply.
Irrigation water storage and distribution activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This class comprises establishments that clean building interiors, interiors of
transportation equipment (e.g., aircraft, rail cars, ships), or windows.
Janitorial
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments: (1) manufacture, engrave, chase, or etch jewelry,
precious metal, pewter cutlery and flatware, or personal metal goods (i.e.,
small articles carried on or about the person, such as compacts or cigarette
cases); (2) stamp coins; (3) manufacture unassembled jewelry parts or stock
shop products, such as sheet, wire, and tubing; (4) cut, slab, tumble, carve,
engrave, polish, or facet precious or semiprecious stones and gems; (5) recur,
repolish, or set gem stones; or (6) drill, saw, or peel cultured and costume
pearls.
Jewelry and silverware
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Includes all forms of public and nonprofit ownership.
Joint ownership character--public entities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Joint services facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category comprises civilian courts of law and correctional institutions.
Judicial functions
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Kennels and other canine-related facilities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Kiosks
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments promote the interests of organized labor and union
employees, national, state, or local political parties or candidates. Included
are labor unions, political groups, and political fund raising groups.
Labor and political organizations
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
A catch-all category for unique and specialized structures that cannot be
easily classified under light industrial structures.
Laboratory or specialized industrial facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this subcategory subdivide real property into lots and
develop building lots for sale.
Land development and subdivision
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Area fill and trench fill are two commonly known facility types. The area
method is employed to fill a depleted quarry pit, a canyon, or a natural
depression. After a day's worth of dumping, heavy tractors compact the solid
wastes evenly, and cover the layer with dirt or other inert solid wastes. In
canyon-type landfills, cover materials may come from scraping the walls. The
final grade of such landfills is made even with the surrounding topography.
In the trench fill method, dump trucks deposit waste in trenches dug out for
this purpose. Heavy bulldozers in the trench compact and even the surface.
At day's end, the bulldozers use dirt from the excavated material to cover the
surface. Heavy front-end loaders, scrapers, and other equipment are used for
digging trenches. When this type of landfill is completed, its grade is usually
higher than the original grade.
Because landfills try to keep the working surface as small as possible, they
may not be visible in aerial pictures.
Landfills are also synonymous with resource recovery facilities where some
of the waste products are separated for recycling or additional treatment.
Landfill facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Activities that typically occur at landfills and resource recovery facilities. Also
useful to mark those areas not necessarily identified as landfills, but used as
dumps. The term sanitary landfill is sometimes used to differentiate public
landfills from others.
Landfilling or dumping
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments provide landscape maintenance, and tree, shrub, plant,
lawn, or garden installation. In addition, some of these establishments may
design landscape plans or construct (i.e., install) walkways, retaining walls,
decks, fences, ponds, or similar structures.
Landscaping
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
A subcategory for specifying large warehouse structures that occupy several
acres of land.
Large area distribution or transit warehouse
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments retail new or used larger vehicles (not included in car
dealers category), such as busses, recreational vehicles (RVs), mobile homes,
and trucks. Often these establishments also provide repair services and sell
replacement parts and accessories.
Bus, truck, mobile homes, or large vehicles
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Lawn and garden supply establishments offer specialized products and
services for lawn and garden. They come in two variations:
a). Some sell new outdoor power equipment which may or may not be
accompanied with repair services and replacement parts.
b). Others sell nursery and garden products, such as trees, shrubs, plants,
seeds, bulbs, and sod, that are predominantly grown elsewhere (these
establishments may sell a limited amount of a product they grow themselves).
Lawn and garden supplies
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Leather and allied product manufacturers: a). transform hides into leather by
tanning or curing; b). fabricate leather into products for final consumption;
and c). manufacture similar products from leather substitutes, such as
rubber, plastics, or textiles. Rubber footwear, textile luggage, and plastic
purses are some examples of products made from leather substitutes.
Leather and allied products
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category includes the following establishments:
a). Title abstract and settlement offices engaging in researching public land
records to gather information relating to real estate titles, preparing
documents necessary for the transfer of the title, financing, and settlement,
conducting final real estate settlements and closings, and filing legal and
other documents relating to the sale of real estate. (Real estate settlement
offices, title abstract companies, and title search companies are included.)
b). Offices of lawyers: these are offices of legal practitioners known as
lawyers or attorneys i.e., counselors-at-law primarily engaged in the practice
of law; establishments may provide expertise in a range or in specific areas of
law, such as criminal law, corporate law, family and estate law, patent law,
real estate law, or tax law.
c). Offices of notaries: these establishments draft, approve, and execute real
estate transactions, wills, and contracts; and receive, index, and store such
legal documents.
d). Other legal services establishments.
Legal services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Some planning applications may require additional categories to differentiate
various local departments (e.g., public works versus planning). In such cases,
use the ownership dimension to create additional categories at the fourthdigit
level.
Legislative and executive functions
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This is a catch-all category for classifying all forms of leisure activities. It
includes the customary active and passive kinds of leisure activities although
such distinctions are difficult to define. Although LBCS provides active and
passive subcategories, for new data classification purposes either apply this
category (for top level coding) or identify the precise nature of activities
(which are at the third-level coding).
Leisure activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Levee
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This consists of establishments providing library or archive services. These
establishments are engaged in maintaining collections of documents (e.g.,
books, journals, newspapers, and music) and facilitating the use of such
documents (recorded information regardless of its physical form and
characteristics) as are required to meet the informational, research,
educational, or recreational needs of their user. These establishments may
also acquire, research, store, preserve, and generally make accessible to the
public historical documents, photographs, maps, audio material, audiovisual
material, and other archival material of historical interest. All or portions of
these collections may be accessible electronically.
Libraries and archives
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Library building
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Lift stations with anchored components > 10 MGD
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Lift stations with anchored components < 10 MGD
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Lift stations with unanchored components > 10 MGD
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Lift stations with unanchored components < 10 MGD
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Many industrial structures were described by their roof design (saw tooth,
monitor, etc.). But modern industrial structures may look no different from
an office building.
Light industrial structures and facilities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Lighthouse
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Refers to a contract between the owner (lessee) and the tenant (lessor) of the
property to convey the owner's rights to the lessor. In legal terms, there exist
many forms of leases. Create subcategories if any application needs to track
them. Also create separate categories here for tracking rental ownership.
In legal terms, lease and tenancy constraints are subordinate conditions to
the owner or the user of the property. That is, every property is either
publicly or privately owned. Even so, when classifying in this dimension, it
is the effect of lease or tenancy on the use that is of concern. Consider for
example a gift shop located in a leased area of a publicly owned public park.
If the shop is leased to a private entity for that specific activity, then we say
that the use has an ownership constraint through the lease or tenancy
arrangement.
If tracking specific lease types are necessary, then users should create
subcategories under the lease and tenancy category. LBCS does not provide
them because they vary widely and any data classified beyond the broad
categories will have limited relevance to other applications.
Limited restrictions--leased and other tenancy restrictions
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Many local land-use databases do not have parcel IDs for road segments,
including rights-of-way. A typical community may have as much as 15% of
its total land consumed by such linear features. Tracking the total amount of
land consumed by such facilities is becoming increasingly critical for
answering many planning applications. Even in cases where GIS-based maps
ignore roads as a category when mapping, the underlying geometry has
polygons assigned to the rights-of-way. This category is a way to assign a
structure type for such polygons in the GIS, or for parcels that are road
segments in the database. See the LBCS web site for further details about
this issue.
Linear or network feature
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This is a catch-all category for all livestock-related structures that serve
horses, cattle, sheep, etc.
Livestock facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Activities associated with feeding and raising of livestock in pens and
confined structures.
Livestock related activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments provide local general freight trucking, usually within a
metropolitan area which may cross state lines. They handle a wide variety of
commodities, generally palletized and transported in a container or van
trailer. Most trips are same-day return.
General freight trucking, local
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Some regional land-use databases may keep track of individual municipality
names as part of this dimension. When using such names, consider using the
U.S. Census Bureau's place names extracted from census databases. Each
place name in the country has an unique Federal Information Processing
Standard (FIPS) code. The same files also have FIPS codes for states and
counties. Note that this dimension is mainly to identify the ownership, not
location of the property. If you want to specify the geographic location of
the place name, see the LBCS metadata standards for appropriate locations
to enter such information.
Local government
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Local parks and recreational sites
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Local road
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Multistoried industrial building, often with higher ceilings and wider columns
than a comparable office building. They are popular structures for rehab to
residential activities. Other rehab adaptations include art galleries, selling
books, computer data centers, mail order centers, and general office space.
Loft building
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This subcategory comprises establishments that operate timber tracts for the
purpose of selling standing timber.
Logging
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Activities normally associated with forestry.
Logging
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Long distance freight trucking establishments provide long-distance general
freight trucking, usually between metropolitan areas which may cross North
American country borders. They handle a wide variety of commodities,
generally palletized and transported in a container or van trailer. Included
are establishments operating as truckload (TL) or less than truckload (LTL)
carriers.
General freight trucking, long-distance
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Such facilities collect, store, and process low-level radiation waste from
industrial, commercial, and institutional sources. Their primary operation is
to reduce the volume of radioactive material though filtration, evaporation,
incineration, and compaction. The transportation and movement of wastes
to these facilities are regulated and adequate emergency preparedness
includes risks of pollution from such facilities.
Low-level waste facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Low-voltage (115 KV) substation with anchored components
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Low-voltage (115 KV) substation with unanchored components
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this classification for lumber yards and heavy building materials retailing
establishments. For hardware stores also selling lumber, use the hardware
and home centers classification.
Lumber yard and building materials
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this subcategory create products that apply mechanical
force (e.g. the application of gears and levers) to perform work. Important
processes include forging, stamping, bending, forming, machining, welding,
and assembling. Design considerations are inherent in the production; these
considerations help separate machinery manufacturing from “primary metal
manufacturing.� Establishments make machinery for particular
applications, such as agriculture, construction, mining, ventilation,
industrial/commercial heating and cooling, and metalworking.
Establishments manufacturing electrical products, including motors and
generators, are classified elsewhere, in “electrical equipment, appliances, and
components�. Manufacturers of household appliances, including heaters,
refrigerators, and air conditioners, are also included in “electrical equipment,
appliances, and components�.
Machinery manufacturing
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category comprises contractors that install or utilize specialized
machinery not generally used by other building or trade contractors. The
subcategories reflect similar types of machinery installed or used.
Machinery related
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Retailing other than in stores is the primary service these establishments
provide. These establishments offer services through sales staff that may go
to the customers’ location (e.g., door-to-door sales, home parties), or may
utilize mail or electronic media, such as interactive television or computer.
Examples of establishments in this class are home delivery newspaper routes;
home delivery of heating oil, liquefied petroleum gas, and other fuels; and
establishments retailing from catalogue showrooms of mail-order houses.
Vending machine sales are not included in this category.
Mail order or direct selling establishment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Major collector
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Also commonly referred to as factory-built housing, which includes modular,
mobile homes, and manufactured homes. The differences are subtle but, if a
land-use application needs these finer gradations, create another attribute
table to track the various kinds of factory-built housing.
A manufactured home is a dwelling unit fabricated in an off-site
manufacturing facility for installation or assembly at the building site, bearing
a label certifying that it is built in compliance with the federal Manufactured
Housing Construction and Safety Standard Act of 1974 (42 USC 5401, et.
seq.), which became effective June 15,1976.
A mobile home is a residential dwelling that was fabricated in an off-site
manufacturing facility, designed to be a permanent residence, built prior to
enactment of the Federal Manufactured Home Construction and Safety
Standards.
A modular home is a structure intended for residential use and is
manufactured off site, but assembled on site. Note that not all modular
homes are mobile homes.
Then there are other related terms not related to structure type but to the
overall site development character. Do not use this dimension for coding
such compound land-use terms. They include (with a brief definition):
Manufactured Home Development: A general category of development that
includes manufactured home subdivisions and manufactured home
communities (or land-lease communities).
Manufactured Home Subdivision: A subdivision designed and/or intended
for the sale of lots for siting manufactured homes.
Manufactured Housing Community: Any piece of real property under single
ownership or control for which the primary purpose is the placement of two
or more manufactured homes for permanent residential dwellings and for
the production of income. A manufactured housing community does not
include real property used for the display and sale of manufactured units, nor
does it include real property used for seasonal recreational purposes only, as
opposed to year-round occupancy.
Land-Lease Community: A residential development typified by single
ownership of the land within the development, with the landowner retaining
the rights of ownership. Home sites within the community are leased to
individual homeowners, who retain customary leasehold rights.
Manufactured Home Condominium (or cooperative): A condominium (or
cooperative development) of manufactured homes.
Manufactured housing
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Differentiating manufacturing from retail or service establishments can be
confusing. The distinctions used in this category closely follow the NAICS
definitions.
Manufacturing establishments are located in plants, factories, or mills and
employ power-driven machines and materials-handling equipment. They may
also employ workers who create new products by hand, without the
characteristic machinery-intensive enterprise. Many manufacturing
establishments process products of agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, or
quarrying as well as products of other manufacturing establishments. The
subcategories reflect sectors with distinct production processes related to
material inputs, production equipment, and employee skills.
Most manufacturing establishments have some form of captive services (e.g.,
research and development, and administrative operations, such as
accounting, payroll, or management). These must be functionally coded the
same as the establishment. However, when such services are provided by
separate establishments, they are classified in the appropriate function code,
and not in manufacturing. Use the activity dimension to differentiate
between an office activity and a factory activity for such establishments.
Manufacturing and wholesale trade
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Marinas operate docking and storage facilities for pleasure craft owners.
They may retail fuel and marine supplies, and may repair, maintain, or rent
pleasure boats in addition to operating facilites.
Marina or yachting club facility operators
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Marine and water transportation establishments provide transportation of
passengers and cargo using watercraft, such as ships, barges, and boats.
They provide deep sea, coastal, Great Lakes, or inland waterway
transportation.
Marine and water transportation
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments provide stevedoring and other marine cargo handling
services (except warehousing).
Marine cargo handling and dry dock services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this class provide water transportation for cargo.
Marine freight transportation
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments arrange the transportation of freight between shippers
and carriers, and provide navigational and other shipping services not
included in other classes. These establishments include freight forwarders,
marine shipping agents, customs brokers, and marine salvage establishments.
Marine navigational and other services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this class provide water transportation, including scenic
and sightseeing, for passengers.
Marine passenger transportation
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this class operate ports, harbors (including docking and
pier facilities), or canals.
Marine port and harbor operations
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Structures in this category include typical market shops and farmers markets
with or without outdoor sales and service areas in single or groups of
buildings with stalls for retail or wholesale commercial activities.
Market shops including open markets
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments provide masonry, stone setting, drywall, plaster, and
other stone and building insulation work. Activities include: block and
stone foundation construction; brick and glass block laying; exterior marble,
granite and slate work; tuck pointing; acoustical paneling construction; plain
and ornamental plaster application; and the installation of lathing to receive
plaster.
Masonry and drywall contractors
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Gravity dam, masonry
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This is a catch-all category for activities associated with mass assembly of
people for either transportation, spectator sports, entertainment, or other
social and institutional reasons. Use the subcategories to further classify the
type of mass assembly.
Mass assembly of people
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments are laboratories that provide analytic or diagnostic
services, and other services, such as medical imaging, and forensics.
Medical and diagnostic laboratories
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Medical clinic building
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments include physician offices, dentists, chiropractors,
optometrists, etc.
Clinics
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Medical facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Medium-voltage (230 KV) substation with anchored components
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Medium-voltage (230 KV) substation with unanchored components
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category comprises establishments that develop mine sites and mine
metallic minerals, and establishments that dress and beneficiate ore, such as
by crushing, grinding, washing, drying, sintering, concentrating, calcining,
and leaching. Beneficiating may be performed at mills operated in
conjunction with the mines, or at mills operated separately.
Metals (iron, copper, etc.)
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Middle
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This class includes defense, national guard, and other national security
establishments.
Military and national security
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Military bases are typically complex collection of activities that include a
wide range of activities associated with military training, living and
recreational facilities for military personnel, storage and maintenance
facilities, and other related facilities.
Military base activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These are older single or multistory factories, common in many older
industrial area, and supported by large wood beams and columns. They are
popular structures for rehab to activities that are not industrial (art galleries,
book selling, computer data centers, mail order centers, etc.). For lumber
mills, see the agricultural facilities category.
Mill-type factory structures
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Mini-warehouse
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments operate miniature golf courses, and typically provide
the necessary equipment to patrons. These establishments are distinct from
golf courses and country clubs.
Miniature golf establishment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments extract natural mineral solids (coal and ores), liquid
minerals (crude petroleum), and gases (natural gas). Mining includes
quarrying, well operations, beneficiating (e.g., crushing, screening, washing,
and flotation), and other preparations customarily performed at the mine
site, or as a part of mining activity.
Mining and extraction establishments
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Includes crushing, screening, washing, and flotation activities. Beneficiating
is another common term used to describe such activities.
Mining including surface and subsurface strip mining
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Minor arterial
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Minor collector
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this category for manufacturing establishments not classified elsewhere.
The subcategories reflect common establishment types which do not have
special categories in other manufacturing types.
Miscellaneous manufacturing
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments operate ground passenger transit systems using
multiple modes of transport over regular routes and on regular schedules
within a local or metropolitan area. For these systems, use the other LBCS
dimensions to classify the specific characteristics of each site (i.e. rail versus
bus). For systems involving only one mode of transportation, use one of the
more specific classifications.
Local transit systems--mixed mode
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Mixed mode terminal
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments prepare and serve meals and snacks for immediate
consumption from motorized vehicles or non-motorized carts. Examples
include hot dog carts and ice cream tucks. The establishment itself is the
central location from which the caterer route is serviced, not each vehicle, or
cart; however, land used as the primary site for the establishment's sales (i.e.
specific locations where the carts or vehicles operate) may be classified here.
Mobile food services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this class operate movie theaters, drive-ins, film festival
exhibitions, etc., for the display of motion pictures or videos.
Motion picture viewing and exhibition services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Motion picture and sound recording establishments produce and distribute
motion pictures and sound recordings. Although these establishments issue
works for sale as traditional publishers do, the processes are sufficiently
different to warrant a separate category. Production is typically a complex
process that involving distinct types activities, such as contracting with
performers, creating the film or sound content, and providing technical
postproduction services. Film is often distributed to exhibitors, such as
theaters and broadcasters, rather than through the wholesale and retail
distribution chain.
This category does not include establishments wholesaling video cassettes
and sound recordings; these establishments are included in the wholesale
trade sector. For establishments only reproducing video cassettes or sound
recordings, use the appropriate manufacturing classification.
Motion pictures and sound recording
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
A movie theater is a specialized theater for showing movies or motion
pictures. The primary structural difference between a theater and a movie
theater is the projection screen. However, many movie theaters can be easily
adapted for stage performances and many stages have folding screens for
movie projections. Although screen shapes are mostly rectangular, they come
in a variety of shapes. Also, some special-purpose multimedia movie
theaters use multiple screens (one on each wall face) or the entire ceiling
surface, which are sometimes curved or geodesic in shape.
Other terms used to describe these structures include talkies, cinema
theaters, and motion pictures.
This category also includes cineplexes--complex structures with multiple
movie theaters, each theater capable of providing performances independent
of the others in the complex. Structurally, theaters in a cineplex are grouped
in a manner that allows them to share box or ticket offices, parking facilities,
lobby areas, restrooms, concession stands, signs and marquee displays, and
other service and maintenance facilities. These structures first started
appearing in shopping centers and malls, sometimes integrated with the
layout of the mall.
Historically, a cineplex meant a theater complex with two or more movie
theaters. Popular configurations have nine or twelve theaters. But as
structures evolved to accommodate twenty or more theaters, the movietheater
industry started using such terms as multiplex, megaplex, and mega
theater to differentiate these newer configurations from older cineplex
layout. But there is no clear structural distinction between a cineplex and a
megaplex. The distinction between a cineplex and a megaplex has been
further blurred because developers sometimes retrofit cineplexes with more
screens, often smaller, within the existing structure.
Movie theater
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Earth dam, multi-arch
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
The following categories refer to the number of units and not by the number
of floors or stories in the structure.
For counting the number of households, have a separate field in the land-use
database that lists the number of actual households in the building.
For tracking the number of floors in a structure, use another attribute field.
In short, this dimension is only for tracking the total number of units in a
structure to get an indication of how big the structure is.
Multifamily structures
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Multistoried parking structure with ramps
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments preserve and exhibit objects of historical, cultural, or
educational value.
Museum
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Museums establishments preserve and exhibit objects, sites, and natural
wonders of historical, cultural, or educational value. Included are public and
private museums, historical sites, zoos, and similar establishments.
Museums and other special purpose recreational institutions
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Term adopted by National Park Service in 1958 to include national
battlefield, national battlefield park, national battlefield site, and national
military park.
National battlefield
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Fourteen national cemeteries in the National Park System comprise this
category. They are all administered in conjunction with another park or
historic site and typically not accounted for separately. This is included here
for completeness of the classification system.
National cemetery
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
A designated area that extends beyond single properties or buildings that are
historic. Use this category to include lands beyond historic sites that the
National Park Service maintains.
National historic park
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
A site containing a historical feature that was directly associated with its
subject. The Historic Sites Act of 1935 allowed the establishment of select
sites of national historic significance by the secretary of the Interior and,
sometimes, by specific acts of Congress.
National historic site
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Similar to National seashore designations but refer to the Great Lakes.
National lakeshore
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
A commemorative memorial of a historic person or episode. Sometimes it
may be on a site not connected with its subject.
National memorial
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These are located on lands owned by the government. The Antiquities Act of
1906 authorized the president to declare by public proclamation landmarks,
structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest.
National monument
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Protected large natural places with significant natural resources, sometimes
of significant historic value. Most parks restrict hunting, mining, and similar
consumptive activities.
National or state park
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
A parkway is a roadway in combination with adjacent parkland paralleling
the roadway that often connects cultural or historic sites. The primary
activity here is scenic motoring along a protected corridor.
National parkway
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Similar to national parks in purposes and activities except that Congress has
permitted other activities, such as hunting, trapping, extraction, and oil and
gas exploration. Currently, many preserves would qualify as national parks if
not for sport hunting.
National preserve
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Most of them (12 by last count) are located around large reservoirs and
emphasize water-based recreational activities. Some (five by last count) are
near major population centers; they focus on preserving scarce open space
and historic resources for easy access to large numbers of people.
National recreation area
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category includes other designations, such as national river and
recreation area, national scenic river, wild river, etc. Although the first
established National River was in 1964, many others were added to this
designation following the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968.
National river
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Located on the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts, the National Park Service
maintains 10 of these--some with facilities, many remain in natural state.
They allow hunting on many of these sites.
National seashore
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These are linear parklands and sometimes referred to as national scenic trails
and national historic trails. The National Trails System Act of 1968
authorized more than 3,600 miles of such trails.
National trail
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this classification for all parks without special economic functions. The
other LBCS dimensions should be applied to code the type of park. Use the
ownership dimension to distinguish between public and private parks, the
site dimension to distinguish between community parks and state parks, etc.
Natural and other recreational parks
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Natural environment parks protect the landscapes and special features of the
natural region in which they are located. Some provide for limited activities,
such as swimming and camping.
Natural environment parks
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Natural resources-related activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Nature reserve parks protect natural habitats including significant land
forms. Public access in most reserves is restricted because of concerns for
the fragile nature of the habitats protected. Most allow research and
educational activities.
Nature reserve
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Communications station
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Naval facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Naval installation
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Reserve station
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Supply center
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Often used with access to light where the servient tenement is prohibited
from blocking or interrupting light or air.
Negative easement
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Usually configured as a straight-line strip with no enclosed walkway or mall
area; sometimes a canopy may connect the storefronts.
Sizes vary from 30,000 to 150,000 square feet on sites ranging from 3 to 15
acres, and have a 3-mile primary trade area radius.
Typically serves immediate neighborhood with convenience shopping.
Often anchored by a supermarket or a drugstore, the center offers groceries,
drugs, sundries, snacks, and personal services. Track the establishments in
this type of structure by applying the appropriate code(s) from the function
dimension.
Neighborhood center (convenience with one or more anchors)
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Neighborhood or local park
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This class comprises establishments supplying information, such as news
reports, articles, pictures, and features, to the news media.
News syndicate
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Nine units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
When using a three-level coding scheme, apply this category to mean
"between ten and twenty units."
Nineteen units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Ninety-eight units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Ninety-five units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Ninety-four units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Ninety-nine units and more
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Ninety-one units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Ninety-seven units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Ninety-six units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Ninety-three units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Ninety-two units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
When using a three-level coding scheme, apply this category to mean "more
than eighty units."
Ninety units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Most private property falls into this category. Some private property may,
however, have additional legal constraints to ownership. For some planning
applications, tracking such constraints may be useful in determining the
limits of the use of the property.
No constraints--private ownership
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
May also be used as a placeholder for areas of no habitation (desert areas, for
example).
No human activity or unclassifiable activity
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
No structure
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments provide local or long-distance trucking of non-used
goods using specialized equipment, such as flatbeds, tankers, or refrigerated
trailers.
Freight trucking, specialized (except used goods)
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in the nondurable goods subcategory sell or arrange the
purchase or sale of nondurable goods to other businesses. These
establishments wholesale products, such as paper products, chemicals, drugs,
textiles, apparel, footwear, groceries, farm products, petroleum products,
alcoholic beverages, books, magazines, newspapers, flowers, and tobacco
products. Nondurable goods generally have a life expectancy of less than
three years.
Nondurable goods
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this subcategory transform, mine, and quarry nonmetallic
minerals, such as sand, gravel, stone, clay, and refractory materials. Included
are establishments that manufacture bricks, refractories, ceramics, glass,
cement, concrete, lime, gypsum, abrasives, ceramic plumbing fixtures,
statuary, cut stone products, and mineral wool. Processes used include
grinding, mixing, cutting, shaping, and honing. Mining, beneficiating, and
manufacturing often occur at a single location. Establishments that mine,
quarry, or beneficiate, and then further process, are classified by their
primary activity. For example, a mine that manufactures a more-finished
product is classified here, while a mine that mines and beneficates with little
manufacturing of finished products, is classified under Mining.
Nonmetallic mineral products
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category comprises establishments that mine, quarry, or develop the
mine site for dimension stone (i.e., rough blocks and slabs of stone) or
limestone (including related rocks, such as dolomite, cement rock, marl,
travertine, and calcareous tufa). Included in this category are preparation
plants that beneficiate limestone (e.g., by grinding or pulverizing).
Nonmetallic mining
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Nonprofit educational
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Nonprofit other
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category corresponds to assessors' categories for nontaxable entities.
These may vary widely between jurisdictions, but the subcategories reflect
the most commonly used classes.
Nonprofit ownership restrictions
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Nonprofit philanthropic
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Nonprofit religious
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this code as a permanent code for those records that will never be
classified in this dimension.
It is normal for land-use databases to have records that may never be
classified and be left blank instead. But LBCS recommends that all records
have a code because some computer applications may not be able handle
blank entries (null values in database terminology).
Not applicable to this dimension
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this code as a permanent code for those records that will never be
classified in this dimension.
It is common for land-use databases to have records that are never
classified, but left blank instead. However, LBCS recommends that all
records have a code because some computer applications may not be able
handle blank entries (null values in database terminology).
Not applicable to this dimension
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this code as a permanent code for those records that will never be
classified in this dimension.
It is normal for land-use databases to have records that may never be
classified and left blank instead. But LBCS recommends that all records have
a code because some computer applications may not be able handle blank
entries (null values in database terminology).
Not applicable to this dimension
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this code as a permanent code for those records that will never be
classified in this dimension.
It is normal for land-use databases to have records that may never be
classified and left blank instead. But LBCS recommends that all records have
a code because some computer applications may not be able handle blank
entries (null values in database terminology).
Not applicable to this dimension
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this code as a permanent code for those records that will never be
classified in this dimension.
It is normal for land-use databases to have records that may never be
classified and left blank instead. But LBCS recommends that all records have
a code because some computer applications may not be able handle blank
entries (null values in database terminology).
Not applicable to this dimension
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This comprises establishments operating nuclear electric power generation
facilities. These facilities use nuclear power to produce electric energy.
Electric energy produced in these establishments is provided to electric
power transmission systems or to electric power distribution systems.
Nuclear
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Nursery and preschool
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this class grow nursery products, nursery stock, shrubbery,
bulbs, fruit stock, sod, and so forth; or, grow short rotation woody trees with
a growth and harvest cycle of 10 years or less for pulp or tree stock.
Establishments growing trees on production cycles over 10 years are
classified in "forestry and logging".
Nursery and tree production
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Typical office uses should be categorized here including those that are
primarily office-use in character. Use this category as a catch-all designation
for all office-type uses.
Office activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Typically associated with drive-through windows at banks, department of
motor vehicles, and other businesses. Traditionally, these activities were
associated with banks, post offices, and financial institutions, but they may
also occur at other kinds of establishments.
Office activities with high turnover of automobiles
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Especially those that have counters for customer service, or waiting areas for
customers or visitors. Use this category to indicate an activity characterized
by a steady stream of people when such activity is part of normal operations
of the office use.
Office activities with high turnover of people
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments: a). provide day-to-day office administrative services,
such as financial planning, billing, record keeping, personnel employment,
and logistics; b). hold securities (or other equity interests) of companies in
order to own a controlling interest or influence management decisions; c).
oversee and administer the establishments of a company often by providing
strategic or organizational planning; and d). provide other administrative
services not classified elsewhere.
Only use this classification for stand-alone establishments which, although
they may be part of a larger companies, are separate from the actual goods or
services producing facilities. The activities of these establishments could
apply equally to a manufacturing company, a law firm, etc.
Office and administrative services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This is a catch-all category to differentiate office buildings with street-level
retail uses from a purely office building. Structurally, they are similar to a
regular office building but vary in their treatment of street-level portion of
the structure. Track the establishments in this type of structure by applying
the appropriate code(s) from the function dimension.
Office building over storefronts
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
An office building with drive-in windows to serve customers in automobiles.
Office building with drive-through facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Buildings constructed for office-type uses. Typically these buildings
constitute the majority of nonresidential structures in a community.
Office or bank building
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this category for areas that the land-use database is not recording as
multiple uses in a structure. Structurally, they may have some unique
characteristics. Many planning applications in older neighborhoods can apply
this category for large portions of their inventory.
Office or store building with residence on top
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Office supply manufacturing establishments manufacture office supplies
with the exception of paper. Examples of products made by these
establishments are pens, pencils, felt tip markers, crayons, chalk, pencil
sharpeners, staplers, hand operated stamps, modeling clay, and inked ribbons.
Office supplies, inks, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this category operate and develop oil and gas field
properties. Activities include exploration for crude petroleum and natural
gas; drilling, completing, and equipping wells; operation of separators,
emulsion breakers, desilting equipment, and field gathering lines; and all
other activities in the preparation of oil and gas until shipment. This category
includes establishments that produce crude petroleum, that mine and extract
oil from shale, that produce natural gas, and that recover hydrocarbon
liquids from oil and gas field gases. Establishments may operate on their own
account or for others on a contract or fee basis.
Oil and natural gas
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Because these structures are of special concern for emergency management
and other disaster recovery applications, they appear in a separate category
with subcategories useful for emergency planners. Many state and federal
emergency management applications (as described in the U.S. Federal
Emergency Management Agency's HAZUS manual) specify these
distinctions.
Oil refinery facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
On-ground anchored concrete tank
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
On-ground anchored steel tank
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
On-ground unanchored concrete tank
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
On-ground unanchored steel tank
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
On-ground wood tank
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Many newer industrial structures may look and generate impacts like a typical
office building, but they rely on special power, water, or waste disposal
systems for operations.
One-story modern manufacturing plants
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This comprises Internet access providers, Internet service providers, and
similar establishments providing direct access through telecommunications
networks to computer-held information compiled or published by others.
Online information services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Surface parking, open
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Optical establishments retail prescription or nonprescription eyeglasses and
contact lenses. This category also includes establishments that provide
customer fitting or lens grinding in addition to eyeglasses.
Optical
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Activities primarily associated with storing and moving of military ordnance.
Ordnance storage
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this classification for specialized air transportation. Most of these
establishments operate for scenic or sightseeing purposes. Examples of
transportation types include: hot air balloon rides, helicopter rides, and aerial
tram and cable cars.
Other air transportation (including scenic, balloon, etc.)
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This is a catch-all category for all other mass assembly structures, including
community halls, reception halls, wedding halls, etc.
Other community structures
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Other easements
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Hotline centers, suicide crisis centers, self-help organizations, etc., are some
examples of establishments in this class.
Other family services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Farm-related structures include barns and others, such as: ash house, a farm
building to store ash or fertilizers; backhouse, a brewing house attached to a
farm or farming structure; bark house, a farm building to store barks of trees;
hay barns and chaff houses for storing hay and animal feed; boiling house, a
structure where animal feed is prepared; chitting house, a shed to germinate
and grow potatoes; laithe, a cow-house with crop storage space; hemmel, a
shelter for farm animals with no stalls; etc.
Other farm and farming-related structures
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this category for government-owned establishments not classified
elsewhere.
Other government functions
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Include all other instructional activities here.
Other instructional activities including those that occur in libraries
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Other irrigation facilities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These categories are mainly for those applications that may want further
differentiation. Track the establishments in this type of structure by applying
the appropriate code(s) from the function dimension.
Other kinds of shopping centers
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Other miscellaneous structures
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Other nonclassified road
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Other principal arterial
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Other special purpose parks
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
For tracking the number of occupants, guest rooms, or beds, use additional
attributes or fields in the land-use database.
Other specialized residential structures
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This is a catch-all category for all other residential structure types that do not
easily classify in any of the other residential categories. For tracking the
number of occupants, guest rooms, or beds, use additional attributes or
fields in the land-use database.
Other structurally converted buildings
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this category for classifying outdoor storage areas, such as those used for
dumping, container stacking, lumber stacks, etc. These include areas that
may or may not be graded.
Outdoor storage areas, graded or ungraded
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Strip configuration is the most common format, but others include malls and
"village cluster." Many also have outdoor sales areas.
Sizes vary from 50,000 to 400,000 square feet on sites ranging from 10 to 50
acres (some may be as big an 100 acres), and have a 25- to 75-mile primary
trade area radius.
Contains mostly manufacturers' outlet stores selling their own products at
discounts. They are commonly found in rural areas and sometimes near
tourist locations. Typically there is no anchor, but some stores may be larger
than a typical anchor store and function like one to draw customers. Track
the establishments in this type of structure by applying the appropriate
code(s) from the function dimension.
Outlet or discount center (manufacturer outlet stores)
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this code as a placeholder until an appropriate code can be assigned.
It is normal for land-use databases to have records that may never be
classified and left blank instead. But LBCS recommends that all records have
a code because some computer applications may not be able handle blank
entries (null values in database terminology).
This code could also be used as the default value for data-entry work. The
subcategories serve the same purpose for other coding levels.
To be determined
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
To be determined
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
To be determined
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments provide exterior painting and interior wall covering.
Activities range from bridge, ship, and traffic lane painting to paint and wall
covering removal.
Painting and wall covering
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category is for activities primarily associated with bus, train, and airport
terminals.
Passenger assembly
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Passenger assembly
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category refers to an arbitrary second-level coding to accommodate
existing data classified as either active or passive leisure activities. Although
the distinction between active and passive are difficult to separate, use this
category only if more precise lower-level categories are combined in existing
data. For new data classification purposes either apply this category (for top
level coding) or identify the precise nature of activities (which are at the
third-level coding).
Passive leisure activity
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this class grow peanuts.
Peanut crop
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this category for classifying pedestrian-only roads and open mall areas in
road rights-of-way. Although comprehensive plans may not depend on such
distinctions, many site plans and urban designs use them for circulation
components of their plans.
Pedestrian movement
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Includes concert halls and other structures with fixed seats arranged on a
sloped or stepped floor; may seat 300 to 3,000 people.
Performance theater
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this category produce or organize and promote live
presentations. The classification recognizes the following basic processes:
producing events; organizing, managing, and promoting events; managing
and representing entertainers; and providing the artistic, creative and
technical skills for the production of these live events. Although nightclubs
may offer live entertainment, they are excluded from this category. Use the
appropriate food, drink, or recreational category for nightclubs.
Performing arts or supporting establishment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This is a catch-all category for all personal service establishments. These
establishments offer a wide range of personal services (laundry, hair care,
etc.). See the establishments page for this classification on the LBCS web
site for a complete list of establishments.
Personal services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category comprises establishments retailing pets and other animals
(except for farming purposes) and pet supplies, as well as establishments
providing animal services, such as grooming, training, and care taking. For
veterinary establishments, use the appropriate professional services category.
Pet and animal sales or service (except veterinary)
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this category retail pets, pet foods, and other pet supplies.
Pet or pet supply store
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments manufacture petroleum and coal products by
transforming crude petroleum and coal into usable products. The dominant
process is petroleum refinement: the separation of crude petroleum into
component products through techniques such as cracking and distillation.
This category also includes establishments that further process refined
petroleum and coal products to produce asphalt coatings, petroleum
lubricating oils, and other related byproducts. For establishments that
manufacture petrochemicals from refined petroleum are classified under
Chemicals, plastics, and rubber products.
Petroleum and coal products
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Pharmacies and drug stores primarily retail prescription or nonprescription
drugs and medicines.
Pharmacy or drug store
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in pipeline transportation use transmission pipelines to
transport products, such as crude oil, natural gas, refined petroleum
products, and slurry. The transportation of natural gas includes the storage
of natural gas because the storage is usually done by the pipeline
establishment and a pipeline is an inherent network in which all the nodes
are interdependent.
Pipeline transportation
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Planetarium
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Includes swings, tot-lots, sand lots, and other playground equipment.
Playground equipment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Police establishments provide criminal and civil law enforcement, police,
traffic safety, and other activities related to the enforcement of the law and
preservation of order. Combined police and fire departments are included.
For private guard and security services, use the appropriate sales and services
classification.
Police
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Police station
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
ome of these governmental entities have holdings that may cut across local
jurisdictional lines. If the classification has to maintain detailed jurisdictional
distinctions, then create a multidimensional table to assign multiple codes for
this dimension.
Port authorities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Because these structures are of special concern for emergency management
and other disaster recovery applications, they appear in a separate category
with subcategories useful for emergency planners. Many state and federal
emergency management applications (as described in the U.S. Federal
Emergency Management Agency's HAZUS manual) specify these
distinctions.
Port fuel facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Port fuel facility with anchored tanks, with back-up power
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Port fuel facility with anchored tanks, without back-up power
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Port fuel facility with buried tanks
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Port fuel facility with unanchored tanks, with back-up power
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Port fuel facility with unanchored tanks, without back-up power
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Port storage or warehouse
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Port warehouses
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments operate the national postal service. Establishments
that perform one or more postal services, such as sorting, routing, and
delivery on a contract basis (except the bulk transportation of mail), are
included in this subcategory.
Postal services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These breed, hatch, or raise poultry for meat or egg production.
Poultry and egg production and hatcheries
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Includes poultry houses for chickens, broilers, layer hens, etc.
Poultry facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Usually configured as a collection of several freestanding anchors and a few,
if any, small tenants.
Sizes vary from 250,000 to 600,000 square feet on sites ranging from 25 to
80 acres, and have a 5- to 10-mile primary trade area radius.
Typically contains stores that offer the widest selection in a particular
merchandise category at low prices. Also known as "category killers."
Anchors include discount department stores, off-price stores, warehouse
clubs, or other "category killers." Track the establishments in this type of
structure by applying the appropriate code(s) from the function dimension.
Power center (category-dominated anchors with few small tenants)
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Because these structures are of special concern for emergency management
and other disaster recovery applications, they appear in a separate category
with subcategories useful for emergency planners. Many state and federal
emergency management applications (as described in the U.S. Federal
Emergency Management Agency's HAZUS manual) specify these
distinctions.
Power generation plants
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Power plants with anchored components > 100 MW
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Power plants with anchored components < 100 MW
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Power plants with unanchored components >100 MW
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Power plants with unanchored components < 100 MW
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Activities primarily associated with linear features, such as transmission lines,
conduits, etc., located in easements and point features, such as air vents,
pumping stations, piping junctions, etc., that may or may not be in
easements.
Power transmission lines or control activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Characterized by loading and unloading goods at warehouses, large storage
structures, movement of goods, shipping, and trucking. Includes self-storage
activities.
Primarily goods storage or handling activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Assembly plants, manufacturing facilities, industrial machinery, etc.
Primarily plant or factory-type activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments smelt or refine metals, and transform metal into
products (other than machinery, electronics, computers, or furniture).
Establishments include those that manufacture alloys beginning with ore or
concentrate, and those that recover metals from scrap or dross through
secondary smelting and refining. Establishments may manufacture basic
metal products, such as ingot, billet, sheets, strips, bars, rods, wires, and
castings; or they may manufacture finished products. Also included are
establishments that begin with manufactured metal shapes and further
fabricate the shapes into a product. Processes include forging, stamping,
bending, forming, machining, rolling, drawing, extruding, welding, and
assembling. For establishments that operate coke ovens, use the petroleum
and coal products category.
Primary metal manufacturing
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Principal arterial--freeway and expressway
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Principal arterial--interstate
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this category primarily manufacture paper and offer
printing-related products. Paper manufacturers make pulp, paper, or
converted paper products (e.g. paper bags). Excluded are photosensitive
papers, which are classified in chemical and plastics. Printing establishments
print products (e.g. newspapers, books, periodicals, and greeting cards) and
perform support activities, such as bookbinding, plate making services, and
data imaging. Clothing printers are included if their primary activity is
printing, not clothing manufacturing (e.g. T-shirt printing is included, but
fabric printing is not). For publishers of printed products or those that both
print and publish, use the appropriate category under publishing industries or
information establishments.
Paper and printing materials
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Private--fee simple
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
The owner enjoys the property as in fee simple absolute until a condition has
been met or not met, as set by the grantor of the condition.
Private--fee simple, conditional
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Fee simple defeasible is an ownership right forever unless a specified event
happens. On the happening of the event, the rights revert to the grantor.
Private--fee simple, defeasible
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
A fee simple ownership with a provision for automatic revocation of rights if
the specified or "determinable" event occurs. The determinable event is
specified in the conveyance.
Private--fee simple, determinable
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Create additional subcategories, if necessary, but the major types of fee
simple ownership based on current legal precedents are provided here.
Private--less than fee simple
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Only a few private individuals benefit from the easement.
Private easement
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category comprises all households except those with special provisions,
as for the elderly, disabled, or those with subsidized congregate living
arrangements. Individually owned residences as well as residences owned by
rental or management companies are included. Establishments in this
category include apartments, condominiums, mobile homes, townhouses,
etc. The vast majority of residential uses fall in this category. Use this
category as the default for quickly coding large residential areas.
Private household
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Process sometimes also applies to oil refineries, which are categorized
separately.
Process plants (metals, chemicals, etc.)
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Specialized warehouse structures for storing, sorting, repackaging, and,
sometimes, wholesale selling of produce.
Produce warehouse
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this subcategory make available the knowledge and skills
of their employees. The distinguishing feature of this subcategory is that the
service provided depends on worker skills, while equipment and materials
are not of major importance. This distinction is what separates professional
services from other categories (such as health care, where ‘‘high tech’’
machines and materials are important). Thus, the establishments categorized
here sell expertise and perform professional, scientific, and technical services
for others. These services require specialized expertise of the employees,
though not in every case. The individual classes in this subcategory are
defined by the particular expertise and training they provide. The primary
distinction between this category and the administrative services category is
that employees in this category tend to be more highly specialized.
Professional services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This is a catch-all category for all other areas of parks and recreational areas
that do not qualify under any of the other more specific categories.
Promenading and other activities in parks
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This subcategory comprises establishments that manage real property for
others. Management includes performing various services associated with
overall operation of property, such as collecting rents, and overseeing
services such as maintenance, security, and trash removal. Included in this
subcategory are owner-lessons and establishments renting real estate and
then acting as lessons in subleasing it to others. Establishments may manage
the property themselves or have another establishment manage it for them.
Property management services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category is for all government functions; it includes federal, state, and
local government agencies that administer, oversee, and manage public
programs and have executive, legislative, or judicial authority. Establishments
develop policy, create laws, adjudicate civil and criminal legal cases, and
provide for public safety and for national defense. However, government
agencies also engage in a wide range of functions similar to private
establishments. For such functions use the appropriate functional category
(selling maps or operating a convention center). Ownership is not the
determining criteria for this category; use the ownership dimension to
classify such distinctions. Similarly, use the structure-type dimension to
differentiate a government office building from a jail.
Public administration
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
An essential category for many planning applications related to public safety,
transportation, and emergency management. The subcategories give a broad
variety of public assembly but, if your application needs more precision,
create subcategories at the four-digit level under the appropriate broader
category.
Public assembly structures
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
The right is vested in the public or the entire community.
Public easement
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category comprises government-owned establishments providing fire
and rescue, police, and emergency response services. For private
establishments offering such services, use the appropriate professional
service or health care category.
Public Safety
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Public safety-related facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Publishing establishments issue copies of works for which they usually
possess copyright. Works may be in one or more formats including
traditional print form, CD-ROM, or on-line. Publishers may publish works
originally created by others for which they have obtained the rights or works
that they have created in-house. Software publishing is included here
because the creation process is similar to other types of intellectual products.
For music publishers, use the motion picture and sound recording category.
For the reproduction of prepackaged software, use the appropriate
manufacturing classification; for custom design of software to client
specifications, use the appropriate business, professional, scientific, and
technical services classification.
Publishing
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Pumping plant with anchored equipment > 10 MGD
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Pumping plant with anchored equipment < 10 MGD
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Pumping plant with unanchored equipment >10 MGD
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Pumping plant with unanchored equipment < 10 MGD
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category comprises establishments that dredge, quarry, mine, or develop
the mine site for crushed and broken stones, sand, gravel, mining clay (e.g.,
china clay, paper clay and slip clay), or other stones and nonmetallic
minerals. Broken and crushed stones include granite and related rocks, such
as gneiss, syenite, and diorite; and other stones (except dimension stone and
limestone.) Establishments that mine or quarry bituminous limestone and
bituminous sandstone are included in this category. Also included are
preparation plants that beneficiate stones (e.g., by grinding and pulverizing);
and that beneficiate gravel, clay, and ceramic and refractory minerals (e.g., by
washing, screening, and grinding.)
Quarrying and stone cutting establishment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Includes activities normally associated with borrow pits.
Quarrying or stone cutting
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments: operate racetracks for events, such as auto, dog, and
horse races; own racing participants, such as cars, dogs, and horses; or are
independent racecar drivers.
Racetrack establishment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
The radio and television broadcasting classification includes establishments
that operate broadcasting studios and facilities for over the air or satellite
delivery of radio and television programs of entertainment, news, talk, etc.
These establishments produce or purchase programs and generate revenue
from the sale of air time to advertisers or from donations, subsidies, or the
sale of programs.
Radio and television broadcasting
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this classification for rail freight transportation systems only (no
passengers). Rail freight establishments may operate over long distances, or
within local areas only.
Rail freight transportation
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Rail mounted port handling equipment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this classification for rail transportation establishments for passengers
only (no freight). Establishments in this classification operate over long
distances between metropolitan areas, although some may provide additional
local transportation. For systems within local areas only, use the appropriate
local transit system classification.
Rail passenger transportation
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
The rail transportation category comprises establishments providing
passenger and freight transportation, and rail transportation support. Use
this general category for establishments providing both passenger and freight
transportation, or, for establishments providing both rail transportation and
rail support services; otherwise, choose the more specific classification.
Many rail facilities serve multiple establishments with different functions; for
example, one establishment may provide passenger transportation, and a
separate establishment may provide freight transportation on the same rail.
In these cases, apply separate specific codes for each type of establishment.
Rail transportation
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments provide specialized services for railroad
transportation. They service, repair (except through factory conversion,
overhauling or rebuilding rolling stock), maintain, load, and unload rail cars;
and operating independent terminals.
Rail transportation support establishment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Railroad facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Railroad sheds and other support structures
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Railroad switching facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These activities encompass large areas for range and test activities of arms,
ammunitions, war games, and related military activities. Although such
activities are part of a military base, identifying this special category is useful
for planning around bases for land-use compatibility.
Range and test activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this category comprise of those that lease real estate
(except buildings), such as manufactured home (i.e., mobile home) sites,
vacant lots, and grazing land. It also includes real estate appraisers (which
estimate the market value of real estate), and other establishments
performing real estate related services while not leasing buildings.
Real estate services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments rent recreational goods, such as skis, canoes, bicycles,
sailboats, motorcycles, beach chairs, and beach umbrellas.
Recreational goods rental
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Recreational parks serve a variety of leisure activities besides camping and
hiking. Many provide facilities for a variety of outdoor recreation and
interpretive programs. They may also provide amenities, such as
laundromats, playgrounds, boat launch facilities, picnic tables, and toilets and
showers.
Recreational parks
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Refinery pumping plant with anchored equipment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Refinery pumping plant with unanchored equipment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Refinery with anchored equipment > 100,000 barrels/day
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Refinery with anchored equipment < 100,000 barrels/day
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Refinery with unanchored equipment > 100,000 barrels/day
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Refinery with unanchored equipment < 100,000 barrels/day
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Usually configured as an enclosed mall with an inward orientation of the
stores and have common walkways with parking areas around the perimeter
of the building.
Sizes vary from 400,000 to 800,000 square feet on sites ranging from 40 to
100 acres, and have a 5- to 15-mile primary trade area radius.
Typically serves a region with general merchandise in full depth and variety.
Apparel stores are usually the anchors. They may be traditional, mass
merchant, or discount department variety. Track the establishments in this
type of structure by applying the appropriate code(s) from the function
dimension.
Regional center (enclosed mall with two or more anchors)
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Some of these governmental entities have holdings that may cut across local
jurisdictional lines. If the classification has to maintain detailed jurisdictional
distinctions, then create a multidimensional table to assign multiple codes for
this dimension.
Regional government
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Regional park
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments operate religious organizations, such as churches,
temples, monasteries, synagogues, etc.
Use the other dimensions to note if the institution is educational, a hospital,
or a church.
Religious institutions
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in the rental and leasing subcategory include establishments
that provide tangible goods, such as automobiles, computers, consumer
goods, and industrial machinery and equipment, to customers in return for a
periodic rental or lease payment. These establishments may rent consumer
goods and equipment, or may lease machinery and equipment for business
operations. Establishments may or may not operate from a retail or storefront
facility, and may offer short or long-term leases.
Note the following exceptions. Establishments that primarily lease in
combination with providing loans are classified in banks and credit unions.
Establishments that primarily lease real property are classified under
property management services. Establishments primarily renting or leasing
equipment with operators are classified in other subcategories depending on
the type of service (these are excluded here since NAICS also differentiates
if the client is paying for the expertise of the operator in addition to the
rental of the equipment.)
Rental and leasing
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments lease buildings used as residences or dwellings, such as
single-family homes, apartment buildings, and town homes.
Rental housing-related
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this category conduct research, or analyze, in the physical,
engineering, cognitive, or life sciences, such as agriculture, electronics,
ecology, biology, botany, biotechnology, computers, chemistry, food,
fisheries, forests, geology, health, mathematics, medicine, oceanography,
pharmacy, physics, veterinary, sociology, psychology, language, behavior, or
economics.
Research and development services (scientific, etc.)
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This top-level category comprises all establishments offering residence or
accommodation, such as homes, apartments, housing for the elderly, and
hotels. Note that leased service departments (e.g. a grocery store in an
apartment building) are usually considered separate establishments and
should be classified separately in your database. See the detailed function
dimension description for information on classifying leased service
departments.
Residence or accommodation functions
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Includes activities that occur in all types of residential uses, structures,
ownership characteristics, or the character of the development.
Residential activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This is a catch-all category for all buildings built for residential purposes.
Residential buildings
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this subcategory construct single and multi-family
residential housing. Housing may be constructed for sale or rental.
Establishments include custom housing builders and on-site mobile home
addition, alteration, and assembly establishments.
Residential construction
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Eating, dining, and such activities associated with restaurants and other
establishments that serve food, drink, and related products to be consumed
on or off premises.
Restaurant-type activity
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Eating, dining, and such activities associated with restaurants and other
establishments that serve food, drink, and related products that may have
seating but has drive-through facilities. Such activities, although commonly
associated with fast-food restaurants, may also occur at restaurants and food
establishments that do not serve fast food.
Restaurant-type activity with drive-through
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Restaurant buildings that serve food for customers for consumption on or
off premises. These structures may also be characterized by specialized
cooking, serving, and health and hygiene equipment.
Restaurant building
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Retail establishments form the final step in the distribution of merchandise.
They are organized to sell in small quantities to many customers. Many have
stores, but some also sell merchandise from non-stores. Establishments in
stores operate as fixed point-of-sale locations, which are designed to attract a
high volume of walk-in customers. Retail establishments often have displays
of merchandise and sell to the general public for personal or household
consumption, though they may also serve businesses and institutions. Some
establishments may further provide after-sales services, such as repair and
installation. Examples of store retailers include catalog showrooms, gasoline
services stations, and automotive dealers. Subcategories group retail
establishments by their industry type.
Retail sales or service
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments offer minimal convenience services but focus on
attracting elderly residents so as to provide a social support system among
the residents.
Retirement housing services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this class grow rice (except wild rice) and produce rice
seeds. For wild rice, use the upper-level grain and oilseed category.
Rice
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Includes riverboats and barges used for casinos, entertainment, residential, or
other purposes. For anchored parts of such facilities, include them in this
category as well.
Riverboats and other anchored facilities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Gravity dam, rockfill
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Rooftop parking facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Rooming and boarding establishments serve a specific group or membership,
such as a dormitory, fraternity or sorority house, or workers' camp. They
provide temporary accommodations and may offer housekeeping, meals, and
laundry services.
Rooming and boarding
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Runway
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These transportation establishments provide buses and other motor vehicles
to transport pupils to and from school or employees to and from work.
School and employee bus transportation
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Mainly those associated with educational, instructional, or teaching activities.
Administrative functions, especially those where school board or
administrative offices are located, should be assigned office categories.
Likewise, sports, school-bus parking, or maintenance activities should be
assigned appropriate categories. But if the data being classified is generalizing
over large areas, then use this category.
School or library activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
School or university buildings
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Senior
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This class comprises establishments that (1) pump (i.e., clean) septic tanks
and cesspools; (2) rent or service portable toilets; and (3) provide other waste
management services (except waste collection, waste treatment and disposal,
remediation, operation of materials recovery facilities, and waste
management consulting services).
Septic tank and related services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Those shops that primarily sell services on site. The distinction is in the
physical attributes of activities associated with services, such as hairdressing.
Business services, such as accounting, legal services, advertising, etc., belong
in the office category.
Service-oriented shopping
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments serve the elderly and persons with disabilities in a
variety of ways (not at their homes). Services typically include group support,
companionship, day care, homemaker services, etc. This class does not
include housing for the elderly.
Services for elderly and disabled
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments provide services, such as pest control, janitorial
activities, landscaping, carpet and upholstery cleaning, and other services for
buildings and dwellings.
Services to buildings and dwellings
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Seven units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Seventeen units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Seventy-eight units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Seventy-five units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Seventy-four units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Seventy-nine units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Seventy-one units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Seventy-seven units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Seventy-six units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Seventy-three units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Seventy-two units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
When using a three-level coding scheme, apply this category to mean
"between sixty and seventy units."
Seventy units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Sewer and waste-related facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Because these structures are of special concern for emergency management
and other disaster recovery applications, they appear in a separate category
with subcategories useful for emergency planners. Many state and federal
emergency management applications (as described in the U.S. Federal
Emergency Management Agency's HAZUS manual) specify these
distinctions.
Sewer and waste water lines
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Brittle pipelines
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Ductile pipelines
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Associated with sewer treatment plants, many of which appear industrial in
character. This category also includes related activities associated with a
sewer treatment and processing facility, such as storage, pumping, etc.
Sewer treatment and processing
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Because these structures are of special concern for emergency management
and other disaster recovery applications, they appear in a separate category
with subcategories useful for emergency planners. Many state and federal
emergency management applications (as described in the U.S. Federal
Emergency Management Agency's HAZUS manual) specify these
distinctions.
Sewer treatment plant
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments raise sheep, lambs, and goats, or feed lambs for
fattening. Sheep or lambs may be raised for sale or wool production.
Sheep and goat farming establishments
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Shooting
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
A building with drive-in windows to serve customers in automobiles.
Shop or store building with drive-through facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Primarily for all retail shops and stores. If the shop sells both goods and
services, or if it is not clear which of the two more detailed categories to
assign, then use this one. Increasingly, distinguishing between a store (that
sells goods) and shop (that sells service) will become difficult and for many
planning-related applications even irrelevant. Even economic applications
that employed such distinctions are reconsidering because of the difficulty in
distinguishing between goods and services. However, for those planning
applications that require this distinction, or for existing land-use data sets
that already employ such distinctions, apply the subcategories. Otherwise,
for routine land-use data classification, apply the Shopping category only.
Shopping
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Sign or billboard
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Sign manufacturing establishments manufacture signs and related displays of
all materials except printing paper or paperboard.
Signs
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Also includes any single-unit structure for habitation. The emphasis here is
"single" and not "family." Includes split-level homes, linked group (houses
that share foundations), manufactured homes, etc.
Single-family buildings
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Historically, many hotels and motels are converted to SROs. Even new SRO
buildings are structurally no different from hotels. But many have small
cooking facilities (independent or common) and other amenities not
associated with a hotel. SROs may also have building code specifications
different from hotels and motels. For tracking the number of occupants,
guest rooms, or beds, use additional attributes or fields in the land-use
database.
Single room occupancy units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Combine those areas normally referred to as vacant or open space. Avoid
using "vacant" designation anywhere in land-use classifications.
Site in natural state
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this code as a placeholder until an appropriate code can be assigned.
It is normal for land-use databases to have records that may never be
classified and left blank instead. But LBCS recommends that all records have
a code because some computer applications may not be able handle blank
entries (null values in database terminology).
This code could also be used as the default value for data-entry work. The
subcategories serve the same purpose for other coding levels.
To be determined
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
To be determined
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
To be determined
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Any site that may temporarily house structures (tents, stands, stages, etc.,).
Site with temporary structures
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Six units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Sixteen units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Sixty-eight units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Sixty-five units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Sixty-four units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Sixty-nine units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Sixty-one units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Sixty-seven units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Sixty-six units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Sixty-three units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Sixty-two units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
When using a three-level coding scheme, apply this category to mean
"between fifty and sixty units."
Sixty units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This subcategory comprises establishments that operate downhill, crosscountry,
or related skiing areas, and establishments that operating equipment,
such as ski lifts and tows. Establishments often provide food and beverage
services, equipment rental services, and ski instruction services. Four season
resorts without accommodations are included in this subcategory. For
establishments operating ski resorts with accommodations use the
appropriate residence and accommodation category.
Skiing
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This subcategory comprises establishments that provide 24-hour skilled
nursing care. Included are nursing homes and convalescent hospitals for the
elderly.
Skilled-nursing services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These prepare and serve specialty snacks, such as ice cream, frozen yogurt,
cookies, or popcorn, or serve nonalcoholic beverages, such as coffee, juices,
or sodas for consumption on or near the premises. These establishments
may carry and sell a combination of snack, nonalcoholic beverage, and other
related products (e.g., coffee beans, mugs, and coffee makers) but generally
promote and sell a unique food or beverage item.
Snack or nonalcoholic bar
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments publish and reproduce computer software. They carry
out operations necessary for producing and distributing software, such as
designing, providing documentation, assisting in installation, and providing
support services to software purchasers. These establishments may design,
develop, and publish, or publish only.
Software publisher
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Includes windmills, solar panel farms, etc. Windmills are also known by
other specialized terms, such as air mill, horizontal air mill, post mill, smock
mill, and tower mill.
Solar and other forms of energy facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This class comprises establishments that (1) collect or haul hazardous waste,
nonhazardous waste, or recyclable materials within a local area; and (2)
operate hazardous or nonhazardous waste transfer stations. Waste collection
establishments may be responsible for the identification, treatment,
packaging, and labeling of wastes for the purposes of transport.
Solid waste collection
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Solid waste activities at source or intermediate locations, such as recycling
centers. Use this category for large sites that have their own recycling areas
where solid waste is separated or pretreated. Solid waste includes demolition
waste, street sweepings, sewage sludge, industrial solids and sludges,
agricultural manure, and crop wastes.
The term garbage refers to food waste portion of solid waste and refuse or
trash refer to mixed solid wastes.
This category also includes activities associated with recycling (or refuse
reclamation) and other related operations with landfilling.
Solid waste collection and storage
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These operate combustors and incinerators for the disposal of nonhazardous
solid waste. These also include other nonhazardous waste treatment and
disposal facilities (except landfills, sewer systems, or sewage treatment
facilities). Establishments may produce byproducts such as electricity and
steam. They may locally collect or haul nonhazardous waste materials along
with the operation of facilities. Compost dumps are included in this class.
Some establishments use the term resource recovery facility for the sites they
manage.
Solid waste combustor or incinerator
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Solid waste landfills operate landfills for the disposal of nonhazardous solid
waste. These may locally collect or haul nonhazardous waste materials along
with landfill operation. These establishments also manage recycling and
resource recovery facilities that operate in conjunction with landfills.
Solid waste landfill
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Includes storing, collecting, dumping, waste processing, and other related
operations.
Solid waste management activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Easements are subordinate conditions to the owner or the user of the
property. Besides whatever effects they have on the character of the land
use, easements also vary in their application. For example, consider a public
easement on a private property versus a private easement on a public
property. However, from a land-use perspective, the concern is primarily the
effect, if any, of such easement restrictions on the land use. For example, a
dedicated public open space is an example of a public easement that may
exist on a private or public property. In such cases, whatever public or
private ownership of the land, we characterize the land-use as having a public
easement constraint.
Some planning applications track easements and similar restrictions on
private property that may affect the existing and future land-use
characteristics. Such restrictions derive from private contracts between
adjacent property owners, owners and local governments, or owners and
federal and other government agencies. Since the land-use characteristics
depend on the owner's use of the land, this category is separate from public
ownership.
An easement is the right of use over another property. Historically,
easements are applied to specific properties and not the property owner; a
dominant-servient relationship. The burden is on the owner of land that
constitutes a servient tenement, although the easement is held by the
dominant tenement. This category refers to the servient tenement; that is,
properties that have restrictions on them due to easements held by others
(often adjacent property owners or public entities).
Easements affect how a servient land is used in a variety of ways, not all of
which affect land-use characteristics. Land-use databases do not always
maintain such ownership characteristics even though many planning
applications encounter these legal definitions. Subcategories here, therefore,
reflect commonly accepted legal terms and descriptions. Many parcel
databases from tax assessment records contain some form of easement
characteristics although they may not employ the same terminology. Use
only those categories that are applicable and revise the terms to suit locally
used phrases.
If applications need to track both the servient and dominant tenements, use
additional attributes or fields in the database to record such characteristics.
On the other hand, if the application needs precise links between the
servient and dominant tenements in an easement (for example, transfer of
development rights), employ linked or relational tables to link the records.
Some constraints--easements or other use restrictions
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this class grow oilseed plants, including soybeans, and
produce soybean and other oilseed seeds, such as sunflower, safflower, flax,
rape, canola, and sesame.
Soybean and oilseed
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This subcategory comprises government establishments that administer and
operate space flights, space research, and space exploration. Included are
government establishments operating space flight centers.
Space research and technology
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These activities include space vehicle control, storage, movement, and
viewing areas. Although they appear similar to air transportation facilities,
spacecraft related activities entail several other activities.
Spacecraft launching and related activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Sites not officially designated as a park, yet maintained like one by the
National Park Service. They may include historic sites (White House), crossborder
locations that are significant between the two countries (Canada and
US), and other special forest areas (Prince William Forest Park, for example).
Special designations for park-like areas
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this classification for scenic or sightseeing land transportation. These
establishments are classified separately because: (1) many do not offer transit
between destination points (i.e. the destination is the same as the starting
point); (2) they may operate both within local areas and over larger areas; (3)
they may operate either mixed or single mode transit systems; and (4) they
offer other services, such as tour guide services.
It may be impossible to separate scenic and sightseeing transportation from
certain transit systems. For commuter transit systems which also provide
scenic or sightseeing services, use the appropriate local transit classification.
Special purpose transit transportation
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this category specialize in construction activities, such as
plumbing, painting, and electrical work. These activities may be
subcontracted from builders or general contractors or may be performed
directly for project owners. Construction work includes new work,
additions, alterations, maintenance, and repairs. Special trade contractors
usually work at the job site, although they may have shops for prefabrication
and other work. Establishments performing heavy construction activities,
such as grading for highways, are classified elsewhere, in "heavy
construction".
Special trade contractor
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These are broad categories for military and defense establishments. It is a
complex category that may include other structure types. Local planning
applications are only concerned about this at a broad level, but base planners
may want to add additional subcategories for some specialized operations, as
shown for naval facilities. However, for normal land-use inventories
necessary for base planning, apply categories other than "military
installation" from this structure-type dimension. In combination with coding
from the activity dimension, base planners can filter a variety of land-use
characteristics suitable for base planning.
Specialized military structures
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Specialty food stores primarily retail specialty food items, such as coffee and
tea (i.e., packaged), confectionery products (i.e., packaged), nuts, spices, and
gourmet foods.
Specialty food store
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Spectator sports assembly may occur in stadiums, open grounds, or other
venues occasionally used for such purposes. Identifying such activities may
be required for public safety related applications.
Spectator sports assembly
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Normally these are co-located with nuclear reactor facilities and contain large
water pools to store spent fuel. Such fuel is considered high-level waste, but
many former nuclear reactor sites still function as spent-fuel facilities until
the fuel can be disposed.
Spent fuel facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Sports and recreational education establishments, such as camps and schools,
offer instruction in athletic activities to groups of individuals. Overnight and
day sports camps are included in this class. However, if the camp primarily
involves camping or outdoor type actives other than instruction, use the
camping category under recreation and amusement.
Sports and recreation education
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Structurally, the main distinction between a stadium and an arena is its size.
Stadiums are larger than arenas and seat 40,000 to more than 100,000
spectators; arenas typically seat 8,000 to 22,000. The layout of seating and
sight lines in stadiums follow a fixed sport (baseball or football), whereas
arenas are designed around the flat, central space whose size is about the size
of a basketball court. Arenas also host circuses, ice shows, indoor soccer,
hockey games, horse shows, and music concerts. Increasingly, many
stadiums, especially domed facilities, are serving arena-like events.
Special event stadiums are the kind built for a single purpose or event
(tennis, motor speedways, horse race tracks, velodromes, etc.).
Another common term for this category is coliseum. Note that the name of a
facility may have the word coliseum in it but may in fact be a multipurpose
structure (as described in the next category). Similarly, another confusing
term is a facility with the name "civic center." It may refer to an arena, city
hall, auditorium, or, sometimes, even a jail.
Sports stadium or arena
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments are professional or semiprofessional sports teams or
clubs participating in live sporting events, such as baseball, basketball,
football, hockey, soccer, and jai alai games, before a paying audience. These
establishments may or may not operate their own facility for presenting these
events.
Sports team or club
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Includes horse trot-tracks, and other horse training or veterinary facilities for
horses.
Stables and other equine-related facilities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
A catch-all category for most commercial and retail business structures.
Standalone store or shop building
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Standard easements
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
State government
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Stationary port handling equipment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Steam and air conditioning lines
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Gravity dam, stone
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Because these structures are of special concern for emergency management
and other disaster recovery applications, they appear in a separate category
with subcategories useful for emergency planners. Many state and federal
emergency management applications (as described in the U.S. Federal
Emergency Management Agency's HAZUS manual) specify these
distinctions.
Storage or pumping station facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Grain silos and other storage structure for grains and agricultural products
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Most retail stores fall in this category. Use this as a catch-all category when
sufficient detail about structure types are not available (for example, when
using remotely sensed data).
Store or shop building
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Structural steel erection contractors: (1) erect metal, structural steel, and
similar products of prestressed or precast concrete to produce structural
elements, building exteriors, and elevator fronts; (2) set rods, bars, rebar,
mesh, and cages, to reinforce poured-in-place concrete; and (3) erect cooling
towers and metal storage tanks.
Structural steel erection contractor
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this code as a placeholder until an appropriate code can be assigned.
It is normal for land-use databases to have records that may never be
classified and left blank instead. But LBCS recommends that all records have
a code because some computer applications may not be able handle blank
entries (null values in database terminology).
This code could also be used as the default value for data-entry work. The
subcategories serve the same purpose for other coding levels.
To be determined
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
To be determined
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
To be determined
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Submarine base
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this category for activities that occur below the surface that are of no
interest to the applications that will use this data set and assigning one of the
unknown categories may be inappropriate.
Subsurface activity
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this category for activities that occur below the surface that are of no
interest to the applications that will use this data set. Assigning one of the
unknown categories may be inappropriate.
Subsurface structures
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this class grow sugarcane.
Sugarcane crop
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Usually configured as an enclosed mall and may even have multiple levels.
Sizes vary from 800,000 square feet and above on sites ranging from 60 to
120 acres, and have a 5- to 25-mile primary trade area radius.
Typically serves the same purpose as a regional center, only with more
anchors. Other terms used for this category include "super off-price malls"
and "mega mall." Several anchors (three or more) offer more variety and
depth of merchandise than a regional center. Track the establishments in this
type of structure by applying the appropriate code(s) from the function
dimension.
Superregional center (similar to regional, but has three or more anchors)
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category comprises support establishments employed by the agriculture
and forestry industries. They perform activities associated with production
and distribution of forest and agricultural products. Many support
establishments are independently run.
Support functions for agriculture
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this class perform support activities related to raising
livestock (e.g., cattle, goats, hogs, horses, poultry, and sheep). They provide
services, such as animal breeding, pedigree records, horse boarding, dairy
herd improvement, livestock spraying, and sheep dipping and shearing.
Support functions for animal production
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Forestry support establishments perform support activities related to timber
production, wood technology, forestry economics and marketing, and forest
protection. They provide activities for forestry, such as estimating timber,
forest fire-fighting, forest pest control, and consulting on wood attributes
and reforestation.
Support functions for forestry
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Tanks that primarily store fuel, oil, and other liquid products (except water).
Because these structures are of special concern for emergency management
and other disaster recovery applications, they appear in a separate category
with subcategories useful for emergency planners. Many state and federal
emergency management applications (as described in the U.S. Federal
Emergency Management Agency's HAZUS manual) specify these
distinctions.
Tank farms
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Tank farms with anchored tanks
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Tank farms with unanchored tanks
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments provide passenger transportation by automobile or
van, not over regular routes or regular schedules. Taxicab owner/operators,
taxicab fleet operators, and taxicab organizations are included. Also included
are limousine and luxury sedan establishments, which may provide an array
of specialty and luxury passenger transportation services
Taxi and limousine service
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
The telecommunications and broadcasting category comprises
establishments that provide point-to-point communications and related
services. The classification groups are based on differences in the methods of
communication and in the nature of services provided. Many establishments
operate facilities providing an array of telecommunications services. If
multiple services are shared between the same facilities, use this general
category. If separate facilities are maintained for each type of service, then
use a separate specific classification below for each facility type. For
independent contractors that maintain and install broadcasting and
telecommunications systems, use the appropriate classification in the
construction-related category.
Telecommunications and broadcasting
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this classification for telecommunications establishments operating
telephone networks.
Telephone and other wired telecommunications
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
When using a three-level coding scheme, apply this category to mean "up to
ten units."
Ten units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Because of its unique site development characteristic, traditionally lawn
tennis (as opposed to table tennis) has been classified distinct from other
sporting activities. It also includes related sports, such as racquet ball.
Tennis
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments here include textile mills, textile product mills, and apparel
manufacturers. Broadly they can be characterized as those that: (a)
transform natural or synthetic fiber into products (such as yarn or fabric) to
be further manufactured into textile products; and (2) manufacture textile
products (apparel and other) by knitting, cutting, and sewing fabric.
Production processes may include preparing and spinning fiber, knitting or
weaving fabric, or textile finishing. This category includes establishments that
work with materials owned by others and those that manufacture custom
garments for individual clients. Tailors and apparel contractors are also
included.
Textiles
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Theaters are specialized structures for housing dramatic presentations, stage
entertainments, motion- picture shows, and similar events that entail mass
assembly of people. Most theaters have a stage or a screen for viewing.
Some theaters may also have more than one stage for the same viewing area
or have multiple screens (one on each wall of the auditorium). In any case,
audience seating is oriented toward these viewing areas. Although theaters
traditionally provided fixed seating on a gradually rising or stepped floor,
modern innovations in audio and video technology may obviate such
specialized constructions or the seating rows are flexible enough to be
reconfigured as needed. Furthermore, other specialized viewing preferences
(drive-in theaters, for example) do not have any unique structural
characteristic beyond a traditional screen for viewing in an open parking lot.
Despite these marked differences in structural characteristics of theaters,
they all serve mass assembly of people for social, cultural, and entertainment
events.
Not included in this category are other specialized structures that are also
commonly referred to as theaters. For example, operating theater (for
conducting operations or surgical procedures) and theater of war (for war
games and military exercises). Since such structures do not appear in
isolation, i.e., are not standalone structures, they should instead be classified
under the appropriate hospital or military structure category.
Theater
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Mostly located in urban areas and sometimes adapted to historic buildings or
other related urban activities nearby. They can also be one component of a
large mixed-use project.
Sizes vary from 80,000 to 250,000 square feet on sites ranging from 5 to 20
acres. They have no specific trade area.
Primarily serves tourists or leisure market segments. They employ a unifying
theme in design, layout, and sometimes even the merchandise they sell. Most
often, they are anchored by restaurants and entertainment facilities. Track
the establishments in this type of structure by applying the appropriate
code(s) from the function dimension.
Theme or festival center (leisure, tourist-oriented, restaurants)
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Thirteen units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Thirty-eight units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Thirty-five units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Thirty-four units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Thirty-nine units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Thirty-one units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Thirty-seven units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Thirty-six units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Thirty-three units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Thirty-two units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
When using a three-level coding scheme, apply this category to mean
"between twenty and thirty units."
Thirty units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Three units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Gravity dam, timber crib
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
To be determined
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this class grow tobacco.
Tobacco crop
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Tobacco manufacturing includes establishments that either: redry and stem
tobacco; or that manufacture cigarettes, cigars, or other tobacco products.
Tobacco retail sales and tobacco crops are classified separately under retail
and agricultural crops categories respectively.
Tobacco manufacturing establishment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This class comprises establishments retailing cigarettes, cigars, tobacco,
pipes, and other tobacco supplies.
Tobacco or tobacconist establishment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This class comprises establishments that tow light or heavy motor vehicles,
both local and long distance. These establishments may provide incidental
services, such as storage and emergency road repair services.
Towing and other road and ground services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
A type of structure that has three or more separate dwelling units divided
vertically, and each unit has separate entrances to a front and rear yard.
Townhouses
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Trade or specialty school facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Create subcategories if applications require specific train station type (long
distance versus transit). But many long distance stations also serve transit
and local trains.
Train station
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Training center
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Driving, flying, or other instructional activities that occur outside a typical
school building.
Training or instructional activities outside classrooms
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Includes activities associated with movement of rails and other vehicles on
railroads. It includes activities associated with rail maintenance, storage, and
rights-of-way for railroads.
Trains or other rail movement
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Activities associated with hotels, motels, tourist homes, bed and breakfast,
etc. Note that the distinction between various residential activities is
independent of the definition of a family.
Transient living
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Transportation-related facilities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Transportation establishments serve passengers and cargo movements and
are grouped by the modes of transportation. They use transportation
equipment as a productive asset although many may have service and repair
facilities (railroads or airlines).
Transportation services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These facilities mainly bury the radioactive materials because they decay
longer (half-life may be several thousand years) than the fission type.
Equipment and structures reflect mining and large-scale industrial operations.
Transuranic waste facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Trapping
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments promote or sell travel, tour, or accommodation
services, such as providing maps and information, locating convention sites,
arranging reservations, organizing group tours, etc. Travel or wholesale tour
operators are included in this subcategory. Also included are convention and
visitors bureaus.
Travel arrangement and reservation services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category encompasses activities associated with all modes of
transportation. It includes rights-of-way and such linear features associated
with transportation.
Travel or movement activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
See Tribal Lands for details.
Tribal allotted land in federal trust
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
See Tribal Lands for details.
Tribal fee land
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Because of the unique nature of ownership constraints of tribal lands and
Indian Reservations in the U.S., this category has special significance for landuse
planning. It may also serve as a guide to developing appropriate
categories for complex ownership constraints in LBCS for countries outside
the U.S.
Ownership constraint plays a vital role in most tribal planning efforts, which
includes geographies beyond those lands that are commonly known as
Indian Reservations. “Reservation� is a special federal designation for
certain federal lands, and “Indian Reservation� along with “Military
Reservation� are probably the most well known in the planning profession.
Areas (including pueblos, rancherias, communities, etc.) designated as Indian
Reservations, mainly through long-standing treaties and current established
federal government processes (such as congressional acts, executive orders,
and administrative acts), are only a subset of tribal lands. Some states also
recognize other tribes and groups that do not currently have the federal
designation. Moreover, some tribes are seeking federal recognition,
therefore, it is possible that what constitutes tribal lands will not remain
constant.
More than 550 tribes, which include 223 village groups in Alaska, are
federally recognized. About 350 tribes have land holdings in roughly 275
Indian land areas covering over 56 million acres. These lands are held in
trust by the federal government (the Secretary of the Interior serves as the
trustee) for the various tribes, and in some cases for individuals. Hence the
term “trust land,� which is sometimes mistaken for reservation land though
not all reservation land is trust land. In short, reservation lands are a subset
of trust lands, which in turn are a subset of tribal lands.
A single reservation may extend across one or more state boundaries, such as
the 16 million-acre Navajo Reservation, which spreads across three states:
Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico. Any power the states have over the
reservations is limited to what the federal law has granted. Each reservation
has a local governing authority, commonly referred to as the tribal
government. Land-use planning operates in much the same way as in other
local governments with some significant differences when it comes to
ownership constraints. It is these differences that form the subcategories of
this major category.
1). Tribal land in federal trust (primarily reservations)
2). Tribal fee land (private corporate ownership)
3). Individual tribal member allotted land in federal trust
Tribal land in federal trust is constrained by federal regulations much in the
same way as other lands although the process for federal approvals is not
similar. Tribal fee land is subject to the same zoning and subdivision
regulations of the local government where the land is located. Although
many reservations are entirely tribally owned, it is not uncommon for nontribal
members to own and occupy tribal lands. Allotted land refers to the
federal trust lands that have been parceled out to individual tribal members
in 160-acre units as part of a 1920s and 1930s federal policy. Land-use plans
extend over all three types of ownership constraints.
Another aspect that requires clarification when classifying ownership
constraints relates to tribal and state compacts. Depending on their purposes,
compacts may affect ownership constraints. For example, following the 1988
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, which allows traditional Indian gaming as
well as bingo, pull tabs, lotto, punch boards, tip jars, and certain card games
on tribal land, many tribes used compacts for other forms of gaming, such as
cards or slot machines. Hence the growth in number of casinos and gamingtype
developments on Indian lands. Twenty-four states and 130 tribes use
such compacts to regulate gaming and gambling uses. To classifying such
multi-tiered ownership in LBCS, assign multiple ownership codes, where
each code refers to one or more forms of tribal ownership along with the
appropriate state government category.
Tribal Lands
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
See Tribal Lands for details.
Tribal lands in federal trust
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in the truck and freight transportation category provide overthe-
road transportation of cargo using motor vehicles, such as trucks and
tractor trailers. The category is subdivided into general freight trucking and
specialized freight trucking. This distinction reflects differences in
equipment, type of load, scheduling, terminal, and other networking services.
General freight transportation establishments handle a wide variety of
commodities, generally palletized, and transported in a container or van
trailer. General freight trucking is further subdivided into local and long
distance trucking.
Specialized freight transportation requires specialized equipment due to the
size, weight, shape, or other inherent characteristics of the cargo. Specialized
freight trucking is further subdivided into used and non-used freight trucking
Truck and freight transportation services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Twelve units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Twenty-eight units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Twenty-five units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Twenty-four units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Twenty-nine units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Twenty-one units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Twenty-seven units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Twenty-six units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Twenty-three units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Twenty-two units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Twenty units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Two units
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this category as a temporary placeholder for activities that cannot be
grouped anywhere until the classification scheme is updated. Check the
LBCS web site to see how others have dealt with such unique activities
before revising the classification scheme.
Unclassifiable activity
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this code as a temporary placeholder for unique functions that cannot be
grouped anywhere until the classification scheme is updated. Check the
LBCS web site to see how others have dealt with such unique activities
before revising the classification scheme.
{includes text about the one-year NAICS etc. and examples for
establishments - refers to fiscal year
{includes abandoned properties for which no clear enterprise can be
determined. Does not include nonconforming uses, which were historically
classified as "abandoned" or "discontinued" in zoning ordinances. This is
because ordinances traditionally prohibited nonconforming uses from
resuming after their abandonment, and therefore treated active uses as
abandoned when nonconforming. However, in land-use databases, we are
classifying the actual use, and therefore would have to account for all uses
including nonconforming uses.
Unclassifiable function
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this category as a temporary placeholder for ownership characteristics
that cannot be grouped anywhere until the classification scheme is updated.
Check the LBCS web site to see how others have dealt with such unique
activities before revising the classification scheme.
Unclassifiable ownership or restriction on the use
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Useful for remotely-sensed data that is unclear or doubtful. Also, use this
category as a temporary placeholder for site development characteristics that
cannot be grouped anywhere until the classification scheme is updated.
Check the LBCS web site to see how others have dealt with such unique
activities before revising the classification scheme.
Unclassifiable site development character
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this category as a temporary placeholder for activities that cannot be
grouped anywhere until the classification scheme is updated. Check the
LBCS web site to see how others have dealt with such unique activities
before revising the classification scheme.
Unclassifiable structure
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Underground parking structure with ramps
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments provide specialized local or long-distance trucking of
used household, used institutional, or used commercial furniture and
equipment. They use specialized equipment, such as flatbeds, tankers, or
refrigerated trailers. Incidental packing and storage activities are often
provided.
Freight trucking, specialized (used household and office goods)
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category comprises establishments that provide utility services, such as
electric power, natural gas, steam supply, water supply, and sewage removal.
Not included are waste management services, which collect, treat, and
dispose of waste materials, and do not directly use or operate utilities.
Utilities and utility services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Utility and other nonbuilding structures
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Utility structures on right-of-way
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this class grow root and tuber crops (except peanuts) or
edible plants; or they produce root and tuber or edible plant seeds. The crops
included in this group have an annual growth cycle and are grown in open
fields. Climate and cultural practices limit producing areas but often permit
the growing of a combination of crops in a year. Crops include melons,
sugar beets, potatoes, and leafy vegetables.
Vegetable farming or growing services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This is a catch-all category for all forms of automobile movement on roads,
parking areas, drive-through facilities, etc. Use the subcategories to further
distinguish them.
Vehicular movement
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this category retail merchandise through vending machines
that they service.
Vending machine operator
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments provide health and human services for veterans. Many
such facilities also maintain liaison and coordination functions.
Veterans affairs
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Veterinary services include establishments with licensed practitioners of
veterinary medicine, dentistry, or surgery for animals; also included are
establishments that provide testing services for licensed veterinary
practitioners.
Veterinary services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this class provide job counseling, job training, and other
vocational services. Their primary clients are unemployed, underemployed,
disabled, homeless, etc.
Vocational rehabilitation
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
WTP with anchored components > 200 MGD
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
WTP with anchored components < 50 MGD
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
WTP with anchored components 50-200 MGD
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
WTP with unanchored components > 200 MGD
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
WTP with unanchored components < 50 MGD
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
WTP with unanchored components 50-200 MGD
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
WWTP with anchored components > 200 MGD
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
< 50 MGD
Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) with anchored components
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
WWTP with anchored components 50-200 MGD
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
WWTP with unanchored components > 200 MGD
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
WWTP with unanchored components < 50 MGD
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
WWTP with unanchored components 50-200 MGD
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These service establishments operate warehouse and storage facilities for
general merchandise, refrigerated goods, and other warehouse products.
They provide the facilities to store goods but do not sell the goods they
handle. They may also provide a range of services related to the distribution
of goods, such as labeling, breaking bulk, inventory control and
management, light assembly, order entry and fulfillment, packaging, pick and
pack, price marking and ticketing, and transportation arrangement. Bonded
warehousing, storage services, and warehouses located in free trade zones are
included in this category.
Warehouse and storage services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These structures are primarily warehouse in structural character, but also
have other structural features convenient for large discount stores and "bigbox
retail" establishments.
Warehouse discount store building
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Includes public storage, mini-warehouse, mini-storage, and other storage
buildings.
Warehouse or storage facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Does not include grain elevator structures; they should be classified in
agricultural structures.
Warehouse structure
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These are open pits and low-lying areas where animal waste is drained from a
feedlot or a confined facility. Although fast disappearing, some of these still
do exist and the terms used to describe them vary.
Waste lagoons
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Activities normally associated with incinerators, recycling facilities, resource
recovery facilities, etc.
Waste processing or recycling
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This class comprises establishments that (1) operate facilities for separating
and sorting recyclable materials from nonhazardous waste streams (i.e.,
garbage); and (2) operate facilities where commingled recyclable materials,
such as paper, plastics, used beverage cans, and metals, are sorted.
Waste treatment and disposal
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Water-skiing
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Brittle pipelines
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Ductile pipelines
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Associated with large-scale plants, many of which appear industrial in
01-Apr-2001
character. This category should also include all the related activities
associated with a water purification and filtration facility, such as water
storage, water pumping, etc.
Water purification and filtration activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Water reservoir
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Water sports and related leisure activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Not related to utilities, but may be related to an industrial or commercial
enterprise. This may include tanks, tank farms, open storage, etc., above or
below ground.
Water storage
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Category for water supply-related, including irrigation-related activities. Use
this category for any activity associated with water supply.
Water-supply-related activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Water-supply-related facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Because these structures are of special concern for emergency management
and other disaster recovery applications, they appear in a separate category
with subcategories useful for emergency planners. Many state and federal
emergency management applications (as described in the U.S. Federal
Emergency Management Agency's HAZUS manual) specify these
distinctions.
Water supply lines
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Because these structures are of special concern for emergency management
and other disaster recovery applications, they appear in a separate category
with subcategories useful for emergency planners. Many state and federal
emergency management applications (as described in the U.S. Federal
Emergency Management Agency's HAZUS manual) specify these
distinctions.
Water supply pump station
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Because these structures are of special concern for emergency management
and other disaster recovery applications, they appear in a separate category
with subcategories useful for emergency planners. Many state and federal
emergency management applications (as described in the U.S. Federal
Emergency Management Agency's HAZUS manual) specify these
distinctions.
Water tank (elevated, at grade, underground)
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Water transportation or marine related
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Because these structures are of special concern for emergency management
and other disaster recovery applications, they appear in a separate category
with subcategories useful for emergency planners. Many state and federal
emergency management applications (as described in the U.S. Federal
Emergency Management Agency's HAZUS manual) specify these
distinctions.
Water treatment and purification (WTP) facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Water well drilling contractors drill, tap, and cap water wells, and provide
geothermal drilling.
Water well drilling contractor
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
They are mainly located along lakeshores, seashores, and river banks. Most
activities revolve around the river corridor. They may include facilities for
boating, canoeing, historical river travel.
Waterway parks
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Waterways
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Weapons station
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Weather stations or transmitters
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Wells
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Waterfront structures for marine and water-based enterprises.
Wharf and dock shed
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this class grow wheat and produce wheat seeds.
Wheat
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Wholesaling is an intermediate step in the distribution of merchandise.
Wholesalers either sell or arrange the purchase of goods to other businesses
and normally operate from a warehouse or office. They may be located in an
office building or a warehouse. Unlike retailers, their warehouses and offices
have little or no display of merchandise.
Functional coding should reflect the type of economic establishment.
Whether the establishment is in a warehouse or an office building is specified
by a combination of activity and structure-type dimensions.
Subcategories provided under wholesale trade may be arbitrary. They are
included here to accommodate older data sets that maintained such
distinctions.
Wholesale trade establishment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Usually large protected natural areas where access is limited. Some may allow
travel on foot or canoe. Most do not provide any facilities.
Wilderness parks
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Telecommunications establishments operate, maintain, or provide access to
facilities for the transmission of voice, data, text, sound, or full motion
picture video between network termination points. A transmission facility
may be based on a single technology or a combination of technologies. Use
this classification for wireless telecommunications only.
Wireless telecommunications
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments manufacture wood products (except furniture), such as
lumber, plywood, veneers, wood containers, wood flooring, wood trusses,
mobile homes, and prefabricated wood buildings. Manufacturing may
include sawing, planing, shaping, laminating, or assembling wood products
starting from logs or lumber. Included are establishments that make wood
products from logs and bolts that are sawed and shaped, and establishments
that purchase sawed lumber and make wood products.
Wood products establishment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments provide wrecking and demolition of buildings and
structures; this includes underground tank removal and the dismantling of
non-hazardous steel oil tanks. Some of these establishments may sell
materials derived from demolishing operations.
Wrecking and demolition establishment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Besides the normal viewing and tourist areas, zoos may also have special
structures and enclosures for various zoological and botanical habitats. They
also have extensive veterinary and animal services along with associated
administration buildings. When a zoo is part of a larger park, for example, a
state park, use the appropriate site dimension category to identify such landuse
characteristics.
Zoological parks
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Accounting-related establishments provide services such as auditing
accounting records, designing accounting systems, preparing financial
statements, developing budgets, preparing tax returns, processing payrolls,
book keeping, and billing.
Accounting, tax, bookkeeping, payroll services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this category encompass: advertising, public relations, and
media buying agencies; media representatives; display and direct mail
advertisers; market research and public opinion agencies; commercial and
consumer photography and ideography studios; and translation and
interpretation providers.
Advertising, media, and photography services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments grow crops, raise animals, harvest timber, and harvest
fish and other animals from a farm, ranch, or their natural habitats. They
may be described as farms, ranches, dairies, greenhouses, nurseries, orchards,
or hatcheries.
A farm, as an establishment, may be one or more tracts of land, which may
be owned, leased, or rented by the farm operator. Farms may hire employees
for a variety of tasks in the production process.
Subcategories in this dimension differentiate establishments involved in
production versus those that support agricultural production.
For agricultural research establishments administering programs for
regulating and conserving land, mineral, wildlife, and forest use, apply the
relevant institutional or research and development categories.
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These activities encompass all aspects of air travel and transportation that
occur at ground facilities, such as airports, hangars, and similar facilities.
Passenger terminals are not included in this category.
Aircraft takeoff, landing, taxiing, and parking
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this category operate facilities offering activities (i.e.
sports, recreation, amusement, or gambling) and provide services, such as
facilitating amusement in places operated by others, operating recreational
sports groups, and guiding tours (without transportation equipment). The
following subcategories highlight particular establishment types. Note that
this category does not cover all establishments providing recreational
services; many are classified in other categories.
For establishments using transportation equipment, such as sightseeing
buses, dinner boats, or helicopters, use the appropriate transportation
category.
Amusement, sports, or recreation establishment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Antique shops, flea markets, thrift stores, and such establishments that
primarily retail a general line of used goods are classified here.
A note about classifying used goods: In many economic classifications, used
merchandise is classified separately from new merchandise. However, this
distinction is becoming irrelevant because many establishments sell both new
and used goods. For example, many car dealers sell new and used cars.
Establishments selling both new and used merchandise should be classified
according to their product groups.
Antique shops, flea markets, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments include the following: architectural, landscaping
(architectural), engineering, drafting, building inspection, surveying and
mapping, and laboratory testing (except medical, veterinary, or auto
emission) enterprises. Architectural services plan and design buildings and
structures. Architectural landscaping services plan and design the
development of land areas for projects. Engineering services apply physical
laws and principles of engineering to design, develop, or utilize machines,
materials, instruments, structures, processes, and systems; they may provide
advice, prepare feasibility studies, prepare preliminary and final plans and
designs, provide technical services during the construction or installation
phase, or inspect and evaluate of engineering projects. Drafting services
draw detailed layouts, plans, and illustrations of buildings, structures,
systems, or components from engineering and architectural specifications.
Building inspection services evaluate aspects of building structure and
component systems and prepare a reports on the physical condition of the
property, generally for buyers or others involved in real estate transactions;
bureaus and establishments providing home inspection services are
included. Surveying and mapping services gather, interpret, and map
geophysical and non-geophysical data; these may survey and map the earth's
surface or seafloor, may locate and measure subsurface resources (such as
oil, gas, and minerals), and may conduct surveys for engineering purposes.
Testing laboratories perform physical, chemical, and other analytical testing
services, such as acoustics or vibration testing, assaying, biological testing
(except medical and veterinary), calibration testing, electrical and electronic
testing, geotechnical testing, mechanical testing, nondestructive testing, or
thermal testing. The testing may occur in a laboratory or on-site.
Architectural, engineering, and related services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments retail original and limited edition art works, and offer
art supplies and services to consumers. Included in this category are
establishments displaying works of art for retail sale in art galleries.
Art dealers, supplies, sales and service
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments operate facilities or provide services for a variety of
cultural, entertainment, and recreational functions. Establishments include
those that produce, promote, or participate in live performances, events, or
exhibits intended for public viewing; those that preserve and exhibit objects
and sites of historical, cultural, or educational interest; and those that operate
facilities or provide services to serve activities associated with amusement,
hobby, and leisure time interests.
Use the other dimensions, especially ownership and site development
character, to further differentiate the precise nature of land use associated
with these establishments.
Arts, entertainment, and recreation
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Included are grant making, civic, professional, and similar organizations.
These establishments advocate social and political causes, and promote and
defend the interests of their members. Establishments in this category may
publish newsletters, books, and periodicals, for distribution to their
membership.
Associations, nonprofit organizations, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments primarily perform central banking functions (such as
issuing currency, managing national money supply and international reserves,
and acting as fiscal agent for the central government) and accept deposits (or
share deposits) and lend funds from these deposits.
Bank, credit union, or savings institution
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments primarily retail packaged alcoholic beverages, such as
ale, beer, wine, and liquor.
Beer, wine, and liquor store
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This class comprises establishments retailing new or used motorcycles,
motor scooters, motor bikes, mopeds, and off-road all-terrain vehicles; or, in
retailing these vehicles in combination with repair services and selling
replacement parts and accessories.
Bicycle, motorcycle, ATV, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments retail new or used boats, personal watercraft, or new
or used outboard motors, boat trailers, and may also provide repair services,
sell replacement parts and accessories for such craft, and offer other related
marine equipment supplies.
Boat or marine craft dealer
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this subcategory for activities associated with docks and marinas where
boats and ships are anchored, moored, or serviced.
Boat mooring, docking, or servicing
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Boating, sailing, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments retail books, newspapers, magazines (and other
periodicals), stationery, school and office supplies, novelty merchandise,
souvenirs, greeting cards, seasonal and holiday decorations, curios, sheet
music, prerecorded audio and video tapes, compact discs (CDs), and
phonograph records.
Books, magazines, music, stationery
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This subcategory comprises establishments operating bowling billiards, or
pool centers. These establishments often provide food and beverage services.
Bowling, billiards, pool, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this subcategory are responsible for the entire construction
(i.e., new work, addition, alteration, and repair) of building projects.
Construction work may be for others, or for the establishment as a
speculative or operative builder. Establishments include custom builders,
design builders, engineer-constructors, general contractors, joint-venture
contractors, turnkey contractors, developers, land subdivides, and
construction management firms.
Building, developing, and general contracting
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this classification for all single-mode local transit systems other than
rail. Included are shuttle services and special needs transportation for the
elderly, infirm, or handicapped. This classification may include scheduled
and non-scheduled transit systems.
Local transit systems--bus, special needs, and other motor vehicles
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this category perform professional, scientific, and technical
services for others. Such services require a high degree of expertise and
training. Subcategories reflect the types of clients and industries they serve.
Business, professional, scientific, and technical services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Some of these establishments operate sites to accommodate campers and
their equipment, including tents, tent trailers, travel trailers, and recreational
vehicles; others provide overnight recreational camps, such as children’s
camps, family vacation camps, hunting and fishing camps, and outdoor
adventure retreats that offer trail riding, white-water rafting, hiking, and
similar activities. These establishments may provide facilities and services,
such as cabins, washrooms, food services, recreational facilities and
equipment, and organized recreational activities.
Camps, camping, and related establishments
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Canoeing, kayaking, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments provide framing, carpentry, finishing work, floor
laying, and miscellaneous floor installation and tiling services. Activities
include installation of doors, windows, tile, interior marble, terrazzo, mosaic,
carpeting, linoleum, wood flooring, and resilient flooring; and other services,
such as paneling, steel framing, ship joinery, and on-site terrazzo preparation.
Carpentry, floor, and tile contractor
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
The three traditional cemetery types are: the monument cemetery, the lawn
cemetery, and the garden memorial park. Each is a distinct facility type,
although it may appear that the main difference is in the way the site is
developed.
The monument cemetery, which evolved from ancient churchyard burial
grounds, has stone memorials. The lawn cemetery, features lawns with
extensive landscaping and looks like a park, and the memorials are
sometimes bronze. They evolved from a need to have wide public
acceptance for new cemeteries. The garden memorial park is a logical
extension of the lawn cemetery with elaborate sculptures and architectural
features that counter the monotonous lawns and memorials. Memorials in all
types of cemeteries vary from a simple tombstone to elaborate mausoleums.
Many plans recognize the open space quality of cemeteries by placing jogging
and bike trails adjacent to such areas. Also, some cemeteries have allowed
other recreational uses on unplotted parts of the property. Classify or capture
such uses of a cemetery in the activity dimension.
Cemetery, monument, tombstone, or mausoleum
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this category transform or refine chemicals or metals, and
manufacture products from chemicals or metals. Subcategories group them
by the production processes; the result being that establishments working
with base materials (such as iron ore) are classified by the input material,
while establishments creating more finished products (such as machinery) are
classified by the finished product.
For establishments which engage in transformation or refinement, but which
primarily extract materials from the earth, use the mining and extraction
category instead.
Chemicals, and metals, machinery, and electronics manufacturing
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Chemicals, plastics, and rubber establishments process and transform
organic and inorganic raw materials, plastics and rubber, and form products
by chemical processes. However, for classifying processing during mining
operation, use the appropriate mining and extraction category; for the
refining of crude petroleum, use Petroleum and coal products; for
manufacturing aluminum oxide, use Primary metals manufacturing category;
and for beverage distilleries, use Food and beverage category.
Chemicals, plastics, and rubber products
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These are specialized religious structures that have pulpits, choirs, musical
instruments, such as organs, pianos, and bands, besides large seating areas.
Some churches, mosques, temples and other similar religious structures may
also have towers (bell towers in churches, minars in mosques, or pagodas in
temples). Many religious structures also have classrooms (for Sunday school
activities) and residential quarters for one or two families. But the structures
are primarily designed for worship and religious congregations. Some
modern wedding chapels and structures that accommodate a wide range of
religious or social activities are also included here.
Architecturally, church buildings have been known as either a schoolhouse,
modern, traditional, courthouse, utility, or storefront churches. Except for
the storefront variety, all these structures belong in this category. If an
application needs to differentiate, use the definitions below to create
subcategories.
Schoolhouse churches look like one-room schoolhouses, typically framebuilt
in a rectangular shape with a double row of pews to define the
cruciform aisle, and the pulpit centered at the head of the main aisle.
Modern churches refer to the explosion of innovative church forms popular
with designers after World War II. They take many shapes and sizes with
visually striking features (large entrances, long masonry spires, etc.).
Traditional churches refer to the standard rectangular plan with steep roof
pitches, masonry built, and sometimes having tall bell towers or steeples.
Courthouse churches reflect the 1875-1925 American municipal architecture
of urban centers. These centers often included the town bank, city hall, post
office, and other public uses along with a church building designed to look
like the courthouse.
Utility churches are buildings with low roofs, often constructed of concrete
blocks, sometimes with vinyl sidings, and pointed or spiked steeples, if any.
They primarily serve small independent denominations.
Not included in this category:
Storefront churches refer to a store or a similar structure not typically used
for religious activities that is now used as a meeting place for a congregation.
Structures adapted for congregations include barns, stores, warehouses, old
public buildings, and single-family houses. The structure dimension should
classify such structures in the appropriate structure category. Use the activity
dimension to specify the religious congregation activities and the function
dimension to identify the religious establishment.
Megachurches are mostly large structures that can seat several thousand
people and have a variety of amenities and host a wide range of activities.
The main structure has a stage with a pulpit with arena-style seating. It may
also include facilities for teaching, broadcasting, entertaining, and selling
gifts, books, and other paraphernalia. They may also include a chapel for
weddings and funerals. The architecture and interior design evoke a
convention or civic center design and also generate similar traffic and
impacts. Such structures should be classified under exhibition and
convention center category.
Any other facility that has been converted for religious events and
congregations (houses, office buildings, community centers, etc.)
Churches, synagogues, temples, mosques, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
To track specific departments (park authority, school district, etc.), use the
appropriate functional dimension along with this dimension to filter records.
Do not create subcategories here for such departments; they will conflict
with functional categories as many of them are involved in a variety of
functions.
City, Village, Township, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category comprises establishments that promote the interests of their
members, or, that promote a particular cause (except labor, political, or
professional organizations). These establishments may provide grantmaking
foundations or charitable trusts, raise funds for social welfare activities, such
as health, educational, scientific, and cultural activities. They may solicit
contributions and offer memberships.
Establishments in this category may operate bars and restaurants for their
members.
Civic, social, and fraternal organizations
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Clothing establishments retail new clothing and clothing accessories
merchandise from fixed point-of-sale locations. These establishments often
have similar display equipment and staff that is knowledgeable regarding
fashion trends and the proper match of styles, colors, and combinations of
clothing and accessories to the characteristics and tastes of the customer.
This class includes establishments primarily engaged in retailing clothing,
footwear, jewelry, sterling and plated silverware, watches and clocks, luggage
and leather goods, and sewing supplies. Also included in this category are
establishments retailing these new products in combination with lapidary
work and repair services. Note that establishments primarily selling sporting
goods are classified separately.
Clothing, jewelry, luggage, shoes, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Unlike other types of animal waste-handling facilities, these are more
portable.
Concrete storage units, covered
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Unlike other types of animal waste-handling facilities, these are more
portable.
Concrete storage units, uncovered
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this subcategory retail merchandise (except groceries or
health items) not included above. Establishments grouped here are florists,
art stores, tobacco stores, and mail order or direct selling establishments.
Consumer goods, other
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Cotton ginning, grist milling, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
To track specific departments (park authority, school district, etc.), use the
appropriate functional dimension along with this dimension to filter records.
Do not create subcategories here for such departments; they will conflict
with functional categories as many of them are involved in a variety of
functions.
County, Parish, Province, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments are unique in that they have the equipment and staff
capable of retailing a large variety of goods from a single location. They
retail a wide range of products with no one merchandise line predominating.
Products may include: apparel, furniture, appliances and home furnishings,
paint, hardware, toiletries, cosmetics, photographic equipment, jewelry, toys,
and sporting goods. Merchandise lines may be arranged in separate
departments.
Use this classification for establishments known as warehouse clubs,
superstores or super centers retailing a general line of groceries in
combination with general merchandise.
Department store, warehouse club or superstore
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These sites may be in natural state or otherwise undeveloped, but because of
such structures as signs, billboards, towers, pillars, and other features, they
may not qualify as a site in natural state or a developing site.
Developed site with billboards, signs, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Site is not in natural state.
Developed site -- crops, grazing, forestry, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Apply this category to sites primarily with linear and other nonlinear features,
such as roads, train lines, trails, etc.
Developed site with roads, train tracks, and other linear structures
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this category for large and small areas that have a functional use for
storage, but have structures and other nonbuilding features on the site.
Developed site with tanks, reservoirs, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments manufacture games (including electronic), toys, dolls,
and musical instruments.
Dolls, toys, games, and musical instruments
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Includes activities normally associated with on and off-shore drilling for oil
and natural gas operations, dredging for beach control, expanding
waterways, and cleaning of canals or channels.
Drilling, dredging, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Activities associated with serving customers in their automobiles from a
fixed location, such as a drive-through window. Assign this code to those
uses that have drive-through window facilities. This also includes activities
associatd with car washes and such where the customers drive through
specialized facilities.
Drive-in, drive through, stop-n-go, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This is a catch-all category for grouping a variety of functions, which
planning applications normally aggregate.
Education, public admin., health care, and other inst.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Because these structures are of special concern for emergency management
and other disaster recovery applications, they appear in a separate category
with subcategories useful for emergency planners. Many state and federal
emergency management applications (as described in the U.S. Federal
Emergency Management Agency's HAZUS manual) specify these
distinctions.
Electric lines, phone and cable lines, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments manufacture computers, computer peripherals,
communications equipment, audio equipment, lighting equipment, batteries,
motors, and other products that generate, distribute and use electrical
power. Included are manufactures of components for the above products
and manufacturers of small and major household appliances.
Electrical equipment, appliance, and components manufacturing
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Many look like a typical office building but are distinct in the operations in
them. Often they have the 911 emergency center, disaster coordination
facilities, and essential communication facilities for disaster recovery and
response. Note that this category is not for coding schools and other
community facilities used in disaster recovery operations.
Emergency or disaster-response-related activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Broad category to group all fire, police, rescue, EMS, and other public safety
activities. Use this category for joint or co-located facilities if the application
needs a single activity code.
Emergency response or public-safety-related activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
A typical exhibition hall facility occupies several city blocks and contains
50,000 to 700,000 square feet of contiguous flat floor space. These halls have
high ceilings (25 to 35 feet) and can accommodate a variety of events. Some
very large cities (Chicago, for example) have multilevel exhibition halls.
Convention structures have both an exhibition hall and a number of meeting
rooms. Many also have kitchen and banquet facilities, and an auditorium for
special events. Trade shows, public shows, conventions, food functions,
receptions, dances, banquets, assemblies, and other activities are typically
hosted in these structures.
Multipurpose structures have combinations of exhibition, convention, and
arena facilities. Some of these may be co-located or created out of a single
enclosed space that is reconfigured.
This category also includes the horseshoe-shaped auditorium buildings
popular in the 1930s and 1940s in many midsize to big cities. These
structures have a fixed stage at one end of a flat floor area on which were
portable seats on risers and fixed seats on other levels. Multipurpose arenas
have since replaced these kinds of structures.
Trade centers are not included here. They are usually a special-purpose office
building for a specific group of enterprises (brokers, importers, freight
forwarders, etc.). These structures belong in the office building category.
Merchandise marts also serve the same purpose as trade centers but also
have permanent exhibit space (30,000 to 50,000 square feet) with lower
ceilings than exhibition halls. These structures serve specific consumeroriented
industries (gifts, apparel, furniture, floor coverings, computers, etc.).
Because many cities do not have such facilities, these trade groups often use
existing exhibition and convention facilities.
In Europe, exhibition hall facilities are also known as congress centers.
Exhibition, convention, or conference structure
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Agricultural activities, such as farming, plowing, tilling, cropping, seeding,
cultivating, and harvesting for the production of food and fiber products.
Also includes sod production, nurseries, orchards, and Christmas tree
plantations. Excludes forest logging and timber-harvesting operations.
Farming, tilling, plowing, harvesting, or related activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Usually configured as a mall, emphasizing rich decor and landscaping.
Sizes vary from 80,000 to 250,000 square feet on sites ranging from 5 to 25
acres, and have a 5- to 15-mile primary trade area radius.
Typically has upscale shopping. Also known as vertical market center. It
need not have an anchor, but if it does, it is usually an apparel shop.
Sometimes restaurants and entertainment play the anchor role. Other shops
include boutiques and craft shops that offer unique merchandise of high
quality and price. Track the establishments in this type of structure by
applying the appropriate code(s) from the function dimension.
Fashion/specialty center (higher end, fashion-oriented stores)
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This class comprises establishments that farm raise finfish, shellfish, or any
other kind of animal aquaculture. These establishments use some form of
intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as holding in
captivity, regular stocking, feeding, or protecting from predators.
Fish hatcheries, fisheries, and aquaculture
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Fishing, angling, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this category harvest fish and other wild animals from
their natural habitats. Some commercial harvests entail hunting and
trapping. For recreational hunting and trapping, use the appropriate
recreational category.
Fishing, hunting and trapping, game preserves
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments operate fitness and recreational sports facilities, or,
provide services for fitness or recreational sports teams, clubs, or individual
activities. The facilities-operating establishments to be classified here
include: fitness clubs, gyms, archery and shooting ranges, horseback riding
establishments, recreational ball parks and courts, and more.
Sporting establishments that operate certain types of facilities are classified in
other categories. For example, a yacht club operating a marina or docking
facility is classified elsewhere (but a yacht club which does not operate such a
facility, is classified here). For sporting establishments that operate facilities,
first check whether a unique function code applies; if not, use this
classification.
Fitness, recreational sports, gym, or athletic club,
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Associated with dams, reservoirs, and other large-scale storage and
distribution of water. Primarily industrial in character, many such sites also
host other activities, such as sightseeing, power generation, leisure activities,
environmental monitoring, etc.
Flood control, dams, and other large irrigation activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Flying or air-related sports
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this category primarily produce food products for
intermediate or final consumption in a process that primarily uses raw
materials from livestock or agricultural products. This category also includes
establishments that produce tobacco, textiles, and leather products.
Food, textiles, and related products
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Includes other aesthetic structures and streetscape elements, such as
benches, planters, fountains, hydrants, flag pedestals, etc.
Fountain, sculpture, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments pool assets, such as funds and trusts, on behalf of
shareholders or beneficiaries. They act as principals or brokers in buying or
selling financial contracts (except investment banking, securities, and
commodity contracts); and provide related investment services, such as
portfolio management; investment advice; and trust, fiduciary, and custody
services.
Security or equity holding establishments are classified in "management of
companies and enterprises", not here.
Fund, trust, or other financial establishment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Public assembly gatherings at galleries, museums, aquariums, zoological
parks, and similar exhibition services are characterized by a steady stream of
people as opposed to mass congregation of viewers at movie theaters and
such. Although the distinction may not be significant, certain public
assembly activities require this information separate from other kinds of
gatherings in planning for public safety.
Gatherings at galleries, museums, aquariums, zoological parks, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Glideport, seaport, stolport, ultralight or baloonport facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this category provide specialized design services (except
architectural, engineering, and computer systems design). Services include
interior, industrial, and graphic design. Interior design establishments plan,
design, and administer projects in interior spaces; interior decorating
consultants are also included here. Industrial design establishments create
designs and specifications aiding the use, value, and appearance of their
products; services can include the determination of the materials,
construction, mechanisms, shape, color, and surface finishes of products.
Establishments that provide industrial design services and industrial design
consulting services for automobile or furniture industries are also included
here. Graphic design establishments design visual communication; they may
design printed materials, packaging, advertising, signage systems, or
corporate identification (logos); also included are commercial artists that
generate illustrations requiring technical accuracy or interpretative skills.
Graphic, industrial, interior design services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category comprises establishments growing crops of any kind under
cover or growing nursery stock and flowers. ‘‘Under cover’’ is generally
defined as greenhouses, cold frames, cloth houses, and lath houses. The
crops grown are removed at various stages of maturity and have annual and
perennial life cycles. The nursery stock includes short rotation woody crops
that have growth cycles of 10 years or less.
Greenhouse, nursery, and floriculture
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this subcategory usually retail food and beverage
merchandise from fixed point-of-sale locations. Establishments have special
equipment (e.g., freezers, refrigerated display cases, refrigerators) for
displaying food and beverage goods. They have staff trained in the
processing of food products to guarantee the proper storage and sanitary
conditions required by regulatory authority.
Grocery, food, beverage, dairy, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Supermarkets and other grocery (except convenience) stores retail a general
line of food, such as canned and frozen foods; fresh fruits and vegetables;
and fresh and prepared meats, fish, and poultry. Included in this class are
meat and seafood markets, delicatessen-type establishments, and
establishments retailing baked goods (not for immediate consumption and
made off-premises).
Grocery store, supermarket, or bakery
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Activities in this category encompass those associated with clinics, hospitals,
and other facilities that treat, house, or care for patients.
Health care, medical, or treatment activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These are usually annual gatherings, parades, and cultural celebrations that
may involve shows, amusement park-like assembly of people, and selling
food, drink and souvenirs.
Historical or cultural celebrations, parades, reenactments, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This is a broad category to include activities normally associated with ice
rinks and skating on ice. Hockey and other sports on ice are also included in
this category.
Hockey, ice skating, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments comprise resort hotels that do not have gambling
services. They may also offer food services, recreational services, convention
hosting services, laundry services, etc. This subcategory includes extendedstay
hotels.
Hotel, motel, or tourist court
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this category serve lodging and short-term
accommodations for travelers. They may offer a wide range of services,
from overnight sleeping space to full-service hotel suites. They may offer
these services in conjunction with other activities, such as entertainment or
recreation.
Hotels, motels, or other accommodation services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
For tracking the number of occupants, guest rooms, or beds, use additional
attributes or fields in the land-use database.
Include country inns here although many also have residential facilities for
the owner or caretaker. See the description for multifamily structure on how
to account for household units.
Hotels, motels, and tourist courts
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments engage in commercial hunting and trapping, or,
operate commercial or recreational game or hunting preserves, such as game
retreats.
Hunting and trapping, game retreats, game and fishing preserves
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Mainly industrial in character, these facilities may sometimes be co-located
with landfills and other solid waste operations.
Incinerator, composting, or similar facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This industry comprises independent (i.e., freelance) individuals primarily
engaged in performing in artistic productions, in creating artistic and cultural
works or productions, or in providing technical expertise necessary for these
productions. This industry also includes athletes and other celebrities
exclusively engaged in endorsing products and making speeches or public
appearances for which they receive a fee.
Independent artist, writer, or performer
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this subcategory construct industrial, commercial, and
institutional buildings (e.g., plants, mills, factories, stores, schools, hospitals,
office buildings, public warehouses).
Industrial, commercial and institutional building construction
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
All manufacturing, assembly, warehouse, and waste management activities.
Use this as a catch-all category for anything not specified in subcategories
below.
Industrial, manufacturing, and waste-related activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category encompasses activities associated with cemeteries, cremation
facilities, funeral homes, and the like.
Interment, cremation, or grave digging activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments operate non-local passenger buses or other motor
vehicles. They may operate over regular routes and schedules, for charter (i.e.
without regular routes and schedules), or for special needs transportation
(not provided by school or work) for the infirm, elderly, or handicapped.
Interurban, charter bus, and other similar establishments
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments primarily engage in one of the following: (1)
underwriting securities issues or making markets for securities and
commodities; (2) acting as agents (i.e., brokers) between buyers and sellers of
securities and commodities; (3) providing securities and commodity
exchange services; and (4) providing other services, such as managing
portfolios of assets; providing investment advice; and trust, fiduciary, and
custody services.
Investment banking, securities, and brokerages
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
A catch-all category for any combination of ownership.
Joint ownership character--public, private, nonprofit, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments rent or lease:
a). office machinery and equipment, such as computers, office furniture,
duplicating machines (i.e., copiers), or facsimile machines;
b). heavy equipment without operators used for construction, mining, or
forestry, such as bulldozers, earthmoving equipment, well-drilling machinery
and equipment, or cranes;
c). other non-consumer machinery and equipment, such as manufacturing
equipment; metalworking, telecommunications, motion picture, or theatrical
equipment; institutional (i.e., public building) furniture; or agricultural
equipment without operators.
Leasing commercial, industrial machinery, and equipment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this classification rent or lease trucks, truck tractors or
buses, semi trailers, utility trailers, RVs (recreational vehicles), or off-highway
transportation equipment such as aircraft, railroad cars, steamships, or
tugboats. Drivers or operators are not provided.
Leasing trucks, trailers, RVs, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This subcategory comprises church or social welfare organizations running
retirement centers. Residents turn over some or all of their assets in
exchange for housing, personal care, convenience care, and some health
care. Terms used for such establishments are: endowment facilities,
founders care facilities, continuing care retirement centers, etc.
Life care or continuing care services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Shopping center refers to a group of retail establishments that are located
(and sometimes managed) as a single property. Most provide on-site parking,
and their size and configuration reflect the kinds of merchandise and trade
area characteristics. The two basic structure types are malls and open-air strip
centers.
Malls are enclosed and built in various shapes and sizes. Strip centers are a
row of stores or service outlets managed as one retail entity that does not
have enclosed walkways. Most have on-site parking in front of stores. Some
may have covered canopies connecting store fronts. Typically the layout of
stores are in a straight line, "U", or "L" shaped. They can take other
configurations as well.
For planning applications, knowing the type of shopping center (whether is
serves the neighborhood or an entire region) is more useful than knowing
the basic configuration. Land-use classification systems have used a variety
of categories in the past. The basic system is divided into malls, shopping
centers, and convenience stores.
The type of merchandise (and services) offered is the primary factor
differentiating types of malls, shopping centers, and convenience stores.
Structure types vary widely within this class of commercial buildings and,
because of the competitive nature of retailing and constant search for
innovative merchandising, classifying every one of the structure types in this
category may be difficult, if not impossible. This industry is probably the
most in flux of all the categories planners encounter.
Planners typically use four basic shopping center terms: neighborhood,
community, regional, and superregional. These categories served planning
functions for over a generation. Because of the significant changes in the
industry since then, the International Council of Shopping Centers expanded
the four basic categories to eight. The subcategories in this dimension reflect
these new categories.
The terms used in this category may be confused with similar terms in
functional and activity dimensions. But the concepts are distinct: shopping
center types are structures classified by their merchandise and trade area.
In describing the subcategories of malls and shopping centers, size and area
characteristics are provided, but they are intended to be used for illustrative
purposes only in order to distinguish one type of shopping center from
another. If your land-use data set needs to track size and area of malls and
shopping centers, use the site area or building area attributes in the database
for such details.
Malls, shopping centers, or collection of shops
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Activities associated with large storage areas for water, fuels, waste, and
other products where such storage is not associated with utilities. These
facilities may be associated with a private or public establishment to serve
functions not associated with utilities.
Mass storage, inactive
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Includes activities in parade grounds and drill fields associated with
institutions.
Mass training, drills, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This classification comprises establishments that produce or distribute
motion pictures, videos, television programs, or commercials.
Motion Picture and video production, publishing, and distribution
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Besides performance viewing, this category also includes related activities
associated with such performances: food and souvenir vending, purchasing
tickets, and related activities. This category also includes mass assembly at
theaters and planetariums.
Movies, concerts, or entertainment shows
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Museum, exhibition, or similar facility
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This encompasses: (1) establishments operating gas distribution systems (e.g.,
mains, meters); (2) gas marketers that buy gas from the well and sell it to a
distribution system; (3) gas brokers or agents that arrange the sale of gas over
gas distribution systems operated by others; and (4) establishments that
transmit and distribute gas to final consumers.
Natural gas, petroleum, fuels, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Activities associated with natural gas encompass production facilities,
distribution lines, and control and monitor stations.
Natural gas or fuels-related control, monitor, or distribution activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This classification comprises establishments that publish newspapers,
magazines and other periodicals, books, databases, calendars, greeting cards,
maps, and similar works. These works are usually protected by copyright,
and may be published in one or more formats, such as print or electronic
form, including on-line. Publishers may print, reproduce, distribute, or offer
direct access to the works, or may arrange others to carry out such functions.
For printing establishments which do not publish, use the paper and printing
category within manufacturing.
Newspapers, books, periodicals, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this subcategory provide inpatient nursing and
rehabilitative services and can accommodate patients for extended care.
These establishments have licensed health care staff serving patients and
other support staff for continuous personal care services. Convalescent
homes, convalescent hospitals, inpatient care hospices, nursing homes, and
rest homes with nursing care are a few examples of services these
establishments provide.
This category also includes mental retardation services (not licensed hospital
care) to people with mental illness, substance abuse problems, psychiatric
convalescent needs, etc. The focus of these services may include health care,
but the primary purpose is protective supervision and counseling. Other
terms used to describe these services are: alcoholism or drug addiction
rehabilitation, mental health halfway houses, group homes for the
emotionally disturbed, and psychiatric convalescent homes.
Other rehabilitation services establishments in this category provide include
boot or disciplinary camps (except correctional), housing services for hearing
or visually impaired, disabled, etc.
Nursing, supervision, and other rehabilitative services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Other public use restrictions--regional, special districts, etc
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Outdoor facility, no major structure
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Either covered or uncovered, these structures serve as stages for
performances in outdoor arenas and gathering places.
Outdoor stage, bandstand, or similar structure
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments: a). package client owned materials, possibly with
package labeling or imprinting; and b). organize, promote, and manage
events, such as business and trade shows, conventions, conferences, and
meetings, with or without providing staff.
Packing, crating, and convention and trade show services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Primarily comprising of automotive supply stores, these establishments retail
new, used, or rebuilt automotive parts and accessories. They may also
include repair and installation services. Examples include parts and supply
stores, automotive stereo stores, speed shops, truck cap stores, and tires and
tube shops.
Parts, accessories, or tires
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Activities normally associated with feeding and grazing in open ranges.
Pasturing, grazing, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Pedestrian trail, sidewalks, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Pier, dock, wharf, or jetty
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
All industrial activities. Use this as a catch-all category for anything not
specified in subcategories below.
Plant, factory, or heavy goods storage or handling activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this subcategory install or service plumbing, heating, and
air-conditioning equipment. These establishments may sell equipment along
with installation. Activities range from on-site duct fabrication and
installation to installation of refrigeration equipment, installation of sprinkler
systems, and installation of environmental controls.
Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Policing and police-related activities that typically occur in a police station. It
also includes community policing centers located in neighborhoods, which
may occupy store-front locations.
Police, security, and protection-related activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These activities include a complex collection of shipping, storing, repairing
and other similar activities that are industrial in nature. Passenger terminals
are not included in this category.
Port, ship-building, and related activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This activity is characterized by electrical power generation, control facilities,
distribution centers, etc. Use this category for any activity associated with
power supply and distribution.
Power generation, control, monitor, or distribution activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Activities primarily associated with switching centers, transformer locations,
and other power-related facilities that serve as storage or transit points in the
distribution system.
Power generation, storage, or processing activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments are responsible for the construction of electric power
and communication transmission lines and towers, radio and television
towers, cable laying, and cable television lines.
Power lines, communication and transmission lines
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this subcategory organize, promote, and manage live
performing arts productions, sports events, and similar events, such as state
fairs, county fairs, agricultural fairs, concerts, and festivals. They may
operate their own facilities, such as arenas, stadiums, and theaters, or rent
from others; or they may operate these facilities for rent to other promoters.
Theatrical (except motion picture) booking agencies are included in this
subcategory.
Promoter of performing arts, sports, and similar events
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Refers to the public entity that the property belongs to, or the public entity
responsible for the property. Public entities are agencies from local, regional,
state, or federal governments.
Public restrictions--local, state, and federal ownership
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Radio, TV, or wireless transmitter
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this category for identifying rail maintenance and storage activities,
which are industrial in character, from rail movement and railroad rights-ofway.
This category also includes railroad switching activities.
Rail maintenance, storage, or related activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Railroads, including monorails, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments rent or lease, and may additionally sell assets. Assets
can be tangible (real estate or equipment) or intangible (patents and
trademarks). This category's usefulness depends entirely on the activity and
structure-type dimensions.
Real estate, and rental and leasing
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Large industrialized warehouse structures with specialized cold storage and
climate control facilities.
Refrigerated warehouse or cold storage
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
The road, ground passenger, and transit transportation category comprises a
variety of passenger transportation functions, such as urban transit systems;
chartered, school, and interurban bus transportation; and taxis.
Establishment types primarily reflect the mode of transit utilized.
Road, ground passenger, and transit transportation
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Includes movable units that may or may not be permanently anchored.
Roadside stand, pushcarts, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments provide installation and services for roofing, siding,
sheet metal, and roof drainage equipment, such as downspouts and gutters.
Activities include treating roofs (i.e., by spraying, painting, or coating),
copper smithing, tin smithing, installing skylights, installing metal ceilings,
flashing, duct work, and capping.
Roofing, siding, and sheet metal contractors
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Although these activities are normally associated with bike paths, jogging
trails, sidewalks, and such facilities, they also include the kinds that happen
on athletic tracks and playgrounds. Exercising and aerobic activities include
those that take place in health clubs and gymnasiums besides outdoor
facilities.
Running, jogging, bicycling, aerobics, exercising, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category includes activities associated with water and marine based
travel, movement, and their related activities. Use the subcategories to
distinguish areas of marine movement from marine storage activities.
Sailing, boating, and other port, marine and water-based activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Scuba diving, snorkeling, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Activities primarily associated with linear features, such as pipelines,
channels, etc., located in easements and point features, such as air vents,
pumping stations, piping junctions, etc., that may or may not be in
easements.
Sewage storing, pumping, or piping
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this subcategory collect, treat, and dispose of waste
materials. Establishments locally haul waste materials; operate materials
recovery facilities (i.e., sort recyclable materials from trash); provide
remediation services (i.e., the cleanup of contaminated sites); operate sewer
systems or sewage treatment facilities; or provide septic pumping or other
miscellaneous waste management services. Establishments that primarily
haul waste over long distances are classified in the transportation category.
Sewer, solid waste, and related services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This activity is characterized by sewer-related activities, such as pumping,
piping, storing, treating, filtering, etc., whether urban or rural, private or
public. Use this category for any activity associated with sewers.
Sewer-related control, monitor, or distribution activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this category for all agricultural structures. For tracking specialized farm
and agricultural structures, use the subcategories. This broad category also
includes lumber mills, maple sugaring facilities (sugar camp, sugar bush, etc.),
agricultural terraces (to hold water and allow infiltration), waterways and
stabilized paths (to direct runoff), sediment basins (to hold silt), and fencing
(mainly to reduce livestock density).
Sheds, farm buildings, or agricultural facilities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This category captures all uses that are business related. Use it as a catch-all
category for all retail, office, commercial, and industrial activities when the
subcategories are either too specific or otherwise unknown (as in
comprehensive plan designations).
Shopping, business, or trade activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments operate skating rinks; they may further offer skating
products and services.
Skating rinks, roller skates, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This is a broad category that includes leisure sport activities on snow: skiing,
luge, bobsled, toboggan.
Skiing, snowboarding, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this category for mass assembly of people for social (eg., city hall),
cultural (eg., parades), or religious (eg. churches) purposes. It also includes
large outdoor ceremonies for religious, cultural, or other purposes. Although
such activities may occur infrequently and may not involve any functional or
structural characteristics (for example a spontaneous gathering that occurs
on an annual basis on a hilltop), identifying where mass assembling of
people occurs is essential for many planning applications. Use this category
to capture such use information. Often this may mean assigning a mass
assembly category to areas that alread have other activity categories assigned.
Apply this category when other more specific mass assembly categories are
inappropriate.
Social, cultural, or religious assembly
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Use this category for all institutional activities. This broad category may also
be used for land-use designations in comprehensive and general plans.
Social, institutional, or infrastructure-related activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments provide social assistance services directly to
individuals. They do not offer residential or accommodation services.
Social assistance, welfare, and charitable services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This classification comprises establishments that produce, distribute, or
publish music and musical recordings, or provide sound recording and
related services.
Sound recording, production, publishing, and distribution
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Sporting goods are specialized clothing, equipment, accessories, and service
establishments that retail for sport and recreational activities. They retail
such goods as bicycles and bicycle parts, camping equipment, exercise and
fitness equipment, athletic uniforms, specialty sports footwear, and similar
equipment and accessories. Toy and hobby shops primarily retail toys,
games, and hobby and craft supplies. Musical instrument establishments
retail musical instruments and related supplies; a good example of such an
establishment would be a piano store. Some of these establishments may
also retail sheet music, offer music instruction, rent or repair instruments,
but the primary product is the sale of instruments. Establishments selling
sheet music along with books, magazines, etc. should be classified under the
appropriate category and not here.
Sporting goods, toy and hobby, and musical instruments
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments perform crop protecting services, soil preparation
activity, or crop production services. Activities include dusting, spraying,
plowing, fertilizing, seed bed preparation, planting, and cultivating.
Spraying, dusting, and other related services
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These are parks designated by local, state, federal, or other speical
jurisdictional agencies (such as tribal governments) whose development
characteristics may vary widely--anything from natural state to fully
developed facilities. They may also have structures and site features that are
historic, cultural, religious, or archeological in significance. No matter how
infreqent the use of these facilities or levels of development, use this
category to classify park designations. See if one of the subcategories for
specific state or national parks is appropriate. If not, use this category for all
other parks.
State, national, or other parks and recreational sites
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Not related to utilities, but may be related to an industrial or commercial
enterprise. This may include tanks, tank farms, open storage, etc., above or
below ground.
Storage of chemical, nuclear, or other materials
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Not related to utilities, but may be related to an industrial or commercial
enterprise. This may include tanks, tank farms, open storage, etc., above or
below ground.
Storage of natural gas, fuels, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Includes activities associated with lifeguard services and other related
activities.
Swimming, diving, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These schools offer vocational and technical training in a variety of technical
subjects and trades. The training often leads to job-specific certification. The
individual classifications are based on the type of training provided.
Technical, trade, and other specialty schools
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Activities associated with telecommunications encompass communication
tower facilities, antennae locations, repeater stations, and distribution centers.
Telecommunications-related control, monitor, or distribution activities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
For tracking the number of occupants, guest rooms, or beds, use additional
attributes or fields in the land-use database.
Temporary structures, tents, etc. for shelter
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This subcategory comprises establishments producing live presentations by
actors and actresses, singers, dancers, musicians, and other performing
artists. Establishments include: companies, groups, or theaters that produce
theatrical presentations and dance (ballet, musicals, operas, plays, etc.);
dinner theaters that produce theatrical productions and provide food and
beverage for consumption on the premises; and groups or freelance artists
producing live musical entertainment. Theater/dance groups or companies
may or may not operate their own theater or other facility for staging their
shows. Musical groups and artists may perform in front of a live audience or
in a studio, and may or may not operate their own facilities for staging their
shows.
Theater, dance, or music establishment
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This includes activities associated with playing baseball, basketball, and other
related games.
Track and field, team sports (baseball, basketball, etc.), or other sports
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This is a catch-all category comprising transportation, communication, and
utilities for essential facilities. In this category, an establishment cannot be
distinguished by a single physical location as it can in most other categories.
To classify land in this category, other factors are needed for deciding which
land serves a particular establishment. In most cases, the type of
establishment in this category is easily deduced from the type of structures
and actives on the land. The remaining difficulty is deciding how significant
a structure or activity is necessary for the land to be associated with an
establishment type. For example, it would not be realistic to classify all land
with telephone lines under telephone communications; however, land with
more important telephone communication facilities may be classified here.
Transportation, communication, information, and utilities
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this subcategory produce equipment for transporting
people and goods. Although transportation equipment is a type of
machinery, assembly tends to be distinct from the production processes
common in the machinery manufacturing, so these establishments are
classified separately.
Manufacturers of motor vehicle equipment used for non-transporting
purposes (e.g., agriculture, construction, or materials handling) are classified
elsewhere according the type and use of the equipment.
Transportation equipment, automobiles, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Activities associated with parking or storing of automobiles.
Vehicular parking, storage, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments are responsible for the construction of water mains,
sewers, drains, gas mains, natural gas pumping stations, and gas and oil
pipelines. Also included are well drilling contractors that drill, tap, and cap
water wells, or that provide geothermal drilling.
Water, sewer, and pipeline construction
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This subcategory comprises public and private utility establishments that
offer drinking water, water treatment, water supply, irrigation, steam supply,
or hot or cool air supply.
Water, steam, air conditioning supply
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Activities primarily associated with linear features, such as pipelines, water
channels, etc., located in easements and point features, such as air vents,
pumping stations, piping junctions, etc., that may or may not be located in
easements.
Water storing, pumping, or piping
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
Establishments in this category manufacture wood and paper products, such
as lumber, furniture, wood building products, mobile homes, and paper
products. Some perform related services, such as printing and bookbinding.
Subcategories reflect product distinctions.
Wood, paper, and printing products
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
This was a traditional planning category that is fast falling out of use. Many
manufactured home developments are configured as zero lot line
developments, townhouses are a form of zero lot line housing, and to further
confuse the usage, former row houses are also used as barracks, group
housing, or farm housing. Avoid this category if possible, but it is provided
here for compatibility with many existing land-use databases that have this
description.
Zero lot line, row houses, etc.
Land-Based Classification Standards
American Planning Association
http://www.planning.org/lbcs
These establishments preserve and exhibit live plant and animal life displays,
including those in natural areas or settings (as in the case of national parks).
Zoos, botanical gardens, arboreta, etc.